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  • 1
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Spasmodic torticollis ; Compression neuropathy ; Hypomyelination ; Renaut bodies ; Unmyelinated axons
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary In 28 patients with spasmodic torticollis dorsal branches of the cervical nerves C1–6, and in 25 of these patients fascicles of the contralateral accessory nerve were investigated by light and electron microscopy. Significant changes were noted in 15 patients. The alterations were not seen or were less prominent in the 5 control cases studied for comparison. Semiquantitative evaluation of light microscopic findings revealed in 12 cases prominent and numerous Renaut bodies; in 9 cases evidence of regeneration (in 3 of these postoperatively); and in 11 cases disproportionately thin myelin sheaths in relation to axon calibers. In conjunction with endoneurial edema and thickening of the perineurium, these changes were suggestive of compression neuropathy. Whether these changes were the cause, or a side effect of the abnormal muscle contractions in spasmodic torticollis could not be elucidated. Peripheral nerve compression, however, may trigger abnormal activity in the peripheral part of the involved interneuronal circuits and may, thus, be considered as one of the many possible causes of spasmodic torticollis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of molecular medicine 60 (1982), S. 379-391 
    ISSN: 1432-1440
    Keywords: Signal-averaging technique ; Pre-P potentials ; Surface His bundle potentials ; Ventricular late potentials ; Prognosis of CHD patients ; Signalmittlungstechnik ; Prä-P-Potentiale ; Oberflächen-His-Bündel-EKG ; ventrikuläre Spätpotentiale ; Prognose von Koronarpatienten
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung In der vorliegenden Arbeit wird eine Übersicht über Prinzip, Methodik und klinische Anwendungsmöglichkeiten der Signalmittlungstechnik gegeben. In hochverstärkten EKG-Ableitungen werden bioelektrische Signale des Herzens im Mikrovoltbereich durch das ebenfalls verstärkte Grundrauschen in aller Regel überdeckt. Durch Summation mehrerer hundert Herzzyklen und Mittelung kann das Untergrundrauschen nivelliert werden, während periodisch wiederkehrende Signale aufsummiert werden. Diese Verbesserung des Signal-Rauschverhältnisses durch die Signalmittlungstechnik hängt ab von der Zahl der gesammelten Herzzyklen und entspricht etwa der Quadratwurzel der Zahl gesammelter Herzaktionen, z.B. 10:1 bei hundert gesammelten Zyklen. Die einzelnen im Einsatz befindlichen Signalmittlungscomputer sind sehr unterschiedlich konzipiert, was die Signalaufnahme, Filterbestückung, Triggermechanismus und Verarbeitung der Daten angeht. Diese Eigenheiten müssen bei der Bewertung der gewonnenen Ergebnisse berücksichtigt werden. Die Anwendungsmöglichkeiten der Signalmittlungstechnik in der klinischen Kardiologie sind bisher folgende: 1. Oberflächen-EKG: Ableitung von Prä-P-Potentialen, von His-Bündel-Potentialen, von ventrikulären Spätpotentialen und die Frequenzanalyse des QRS-Komplexes bei Herzinfarktpatienten, 2. Intrakardiales EKG: Registrierung von Prä-P-Potentialen aus dem Vorhofelektrogramm sowie von AV-Knotenpotentialen aus dem His-Bündel-Elektrogramm, 3. Oberflächen-Phonokardiogramm: Reduktion von Untergrundrauschen, Registrierung von niedrigamplitudigen spätdiastolischen Signalen, 4. Mittelung phasischer Ventrikeldruckkurven. Die Registrierung von His-Bündel-Potentialen und ventrikulären Spätpotentialen von der Körperoberfläche scheint zur Zeit die vielversprechendste und am besten abgesicherte Anwendungsmöglichkeit zu sein. Die Bemühungen werden in der Zukunft darauf abzielen, die im Mikrovoltbereich liegenden Signale des Herzens (Sinusknotenpotentiale, His-Bündel-Potentiale, ventrikuläre Spätpotentiale) fortlaufend mit Hilfe speziell konstruierter EKG-Geräte von der Körperoberfläche sichtbar und registrierbar zu machen.
    Notes: Summary This paper gives a survey on the principles, methodology, and clinical applications of the signalaveraging technique. Bioelectric signals of the heart at the microvolt level are overwhelmed by basal noise in high-gain amplified EKG registrations. By summation and averaging of several hundreds of cardiac cycles, basal noise can be minimized and the signal of interest accumulates. This improvement of the signal-noise ratio primarily depends on the number of cycles averaged, e.g., by 10:1 when 100 cycles are averaged (approximately, the square root of the number of averaged cycles). At present, signal-averaging computers in use are rather variable with respect to data acquisition, filter settings, trigger mechanism/stability, and data processing. These properties have to be taken into account when the results of different groups using different types of averaging computers have to be compared. At present, several applications of the signal-averaging technique in clinical cardiology have been proposed: (1) Surface EKG — registrations of pre-P potentials, of His bundle potentials, and of ventricular late potentials, as well as analysis of the frequency spectrum of the QRS complex in patients with myocardial infarction; (2) intracardiac EKG — recordings of pre-P potentials and of A-V nodal potentials; (3) surface phonocardiogram — detection of low-amplitude, late diastolic signals; (4) Intracardiac pressure analysis — recording of average phasic pressure changes. The most promising and clinically proven application of the signal-averaging technique, at present, seems to be the registration of His bundle potentials as well as of ventricular late potentials from the body surface. Future efforts will need to be made to record cardiac microvolt potentials beat by beat from the body surface by means of specially designed EKG recorders.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1432-1440
    Keywords: Betablockade ; Ergometrische Belastung ; His-Bündel-elektrographie ; Supraventrikuläre Tachykardie ; Programmierte Stimulation ; Betablockade ; Ergometric Exercise ; His-Bundle Electrography ; Supraventricular Tachycardia ; Programmed Cardiac Stimulation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary In a total of 18 patients, 7 females and 11 male patients with ages ranging from 23 to 70 years (mean: 45.5±14.5) diagnostic His bundle studies incorporating programmed atrial and ventricular pacing for the induction of tachycardias was performed before and after betablockade with the cardioselective betablocking agent atenolol, in a dose of 5 mg given iv. over 3 to 5 minutes. In 7 patients the pacing proce-dure could be repeated following ergometric exercise in order to evaluate the influence of a raised sympathetic tone on the conditions initiating paroxysmal tachycardias. At rest, atenolol prevented the pacing induced tachycardias (20 dysrhythmias in 18 patients) in 3/5 individuals with Wolff-Parkinson-White (WPW)-syndrome, in 4/6 cases with atrial tachycardias, in 4/6 patients presenting atrial flutter, in 2/2 cases developing AV-nodal tachycardias and in 1/1 individual with ventricular tachycardia. Thus, in 13 out of 19 (68%) supraventricular dysrhythmias patients benefitted from atenolol by preventing or controlling the tachycardia. Ergometric exercise changed the tachycardia or echo zone in 5/8 arrhythmias after betablockade when compared to the controls before administration of atenolol (3/5 improvement by narrowing of the tachyor echo zone, 1/5 prevention of tachycardia, 1/5 imairment due to widening of the tachycardia zone). Considering only the prevention of tachycardias, the antiarrhythmic potency of atenolol was improved in one patient with pacing induced flutter and impaired in one individual with a WPW syndrome, by ergometric exercise. These results suggest that atenolol seems to provide a good antiarrhythmic action, especially in supraventricular tachycardias, and that an increased sympathetic tone during exercise may modify the antidysrhythmic strength of betablockade.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Bei insgesamt 18 Patienten, 7 weiblichen und 11 männlichen Personen, im Alter von 23 bis 70 Jahren (im Mittel 45,5±14,5 Jahre) wurde im Rahmen diagnostisch notwendiger His-Bündel-Elektrographien eine programmierte Vorhof-und Ventrikelstimulation zur Initiierung von Tachykardien vor und nach Gabe des kardioselektiven Betablockers Atenolol in einer iv.-Dosis von 5 mg vorgenommen. Bei 7 Patienten konnte die diagnostische Stimulation unmittelbar nach Beendigung einer ergometrischen Belastung wiederholt werden, um den Einfluß des erhöhten Sympathikotonus auf die Auslösebedingungen für die Tachykardien zu prüfen. Unter Ruhebedingungen verhinderte Atenolol die stimulationsbedingten Tachykardien (20 Dysrhythmien bei 18 Patienten) bei 3/5 Personen mit Wolff-Parkinson-White-Syndrom, bei 4/6 Patienten mit Vorhoftachykardien, bei 4/6 Patienten mit Vorhofflattern, bei 2/2 Patienten mit AV-Knotentachykardie und bei einem Patienten mit ventrikulärer Tachykardie. Somit konnte bei 13 von 19 Patienten mit supraventrikulärer Tachykardie (=68%) die Rhythmusstörung verhindert oder beherrscht werden. Die ergometrische Belastung veränderte die Tachykardiezone oder Echozone bei 5/8 Arrhythmien nach der Betablockade, verglichen mit den Verhältnissen vor Verabreichung von Atenolol (bei 3/5 Personen Verbesserung der Situtation durch Verschmälerung der Tachykardie- oder Echozone, bei 1/5 Verhütung der stimulationsbedingten Tachykardie und bei 1/5 Fällen Verschlechterung durch Verbreiterung der Tachykardiezone). Wenn man nur die Verhinderung von Tachykardien durch die ergometrische Belastung betrachtet, so wurde die antiarrhythmische Wirkung von Atenolol bei einem Patienten mit Vorhofflattern verstärkt und bei einem Patienten mit WPM-Syndrom vermindert. Diese Ergebnisse zeigen die gute antiarrhythmische Wirkung des Betablockers Atenolol bei supraventrikulären, stimulationsinduzierten Tachykardien. Außerdem geht aus den Resultaten hervor, daß ein erhöhter Sympathikotonus unter körperlicher Belastung die antiarrhythmische Potenz einer Betablokkade mit Atenolol modifizieren kann.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Key wordsEscherichia coli ; Ferric citrate transport ; Transcription regulation ; Surface signaling
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Ferric citrate induces transcription of the ferric citrate transport genes fecABCDE in Escherichia coli by binding to the outer-membrane receptor protein FecA without entering the cell. Replete iron concentrations inhibit transcription of the fec transport system via the iron-loaded Fur repressor. Here we show that the Fur repressor activated by Mn2+ (used instead of Fe2+) binds to the promoter of the regulatory genes fecIR and to the promoter of fecABCDE. DNase I footprint analysis revealed that Mn2+–Fur (50 nM) protected 30 nucleotides of the coding strand and 24 nucleotides of the noncoding strand of the fecIR promoter. Higher amounts of Mn2+–Fur (100 nM) covered 41 nucleotides of the coding strand of the fecIR promoter and 38 nucleotides of the coding strand of the fecA promoter. The corresponding region of the noncoding strand of the fecA promoter was hypersensitive to DNase I. The results of a deletion analysis of the fecA promoter supported the previously assigned –35 and –10 regions and nucleotide position +11 for FecI–RNA polymerase interaction. Induction of fecIR transcription by iron limitation increased fecB-lacZ transcription 3.5-fold, whereas under constitutive fecIR transcription, iron limitation increased fecB-lacZ transcription twofold. The two iron-regulated sites of fec transport gene transcription suggest a fast response to sufficient intracellular iron concentrations by repression of fecABCDE transcription and a slower adaptation as the result of fecIR transcription inhibition.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 167 (1997), S. 325-331 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Key words Escherichia coli ; Ferric citrate transport ; system ; Transcription initiation ; Surface signaling ; Iron ; repression
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Transcription of the ferric citrate transport genes of Escherichia coli is induced by a novel mechanism. Ferric citrate, the inducer, does not have to enter the cytoplasm to initiate transcription. Interaction of ferric citrate with the outer membrane receptor protein FecA induces transcription of the fec transport gene operon consisting of the fecIRABCDE genes. A signal from FecA occupied with ferric citrate is transmitted across the outer membrane into the periplasm with the help of the electrochemical potential of the cytoplasmic membrane and the Ton system. The signal is then transduced across the cytoplasmic membrane by the FecR protein, which in turn activates the FecI σ-factor that directs the RNA polymerase core-enzyme to the fec transport gene promoter. The promoter of the regulatory genes fecI and fecR is not controlled by ferric citrate but is regulated by iron via the Fur repressor. It is proposed that the information flux from the cell surface to the cytoplasm involves a series of conformational changes of the proteins FecA, FecR, and FecI in that order. The level of the regulatory proteins FecI and FecR is adjusted to the intracellular iron concentration and determines the degree of the response of the cell to ferric citrate in the medium. Ferric citrate induces transcription of the fec transport genes under iron-limiting conditions. A regulatory device similar to the ferric citrate transport system exists in Pseudomonas putida WCS358. The synthesis of the outer membrane receptor PupB, involved in the transport of the ferric pseudobactins BN7 and BN8, is induced by the ferric siderophores and requires PupB and two proteins homologous to FecI and FecR.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Key words Hemolysin ; Activation ; Secretion ; L-forms ; Protoplasts ; Serratia marcescens ; Proteus mirabilis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The outer-membrane protein ShlB of Serratia marcescens activates and secretes hemolytic ShlA into the culture medium. Without ShlB, inactive ShlA (termed ShlA*) remains in the periplasm. Since Proteus mirabilis L-form cells lack an outer membrane and a periplasm, it was of interest to determine in which compartment recombinant ShlA* and ShlB are localized and whether ShlB activates ShlA*. The cloned shlB and shlA genes were transcribed in P. mirabilis stable L-form cells by the temperature-inducible phage T7 RNA polymerase. Radiolabeling, Western blotting, and complementation with C-terminally truncated ShlA (ShlA255) identified inactive ShlA* in the culture supernatant. ShlB remained cell-bound and did not activate ShlA without integration in an outer membrane. Although hemolytic ShlA added to L-form cells had access to the cytoplasmic membrane, it did not affect L-form cells. Synthesis of the large ShlA protein (165 kDa) in P. mirabilis L-form cells under phage T7 promoter control demonstrates that L-form cells are suitable for the synthesis and secretion of large recombinant proteins. This property and the easy isolation of released proteins make L-form cells suitable for the biotechnological production of proteins.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    ISSN: 0942-0940
    Keywords: Keywords: Brachial plexus injuries; intradural inspection; CT-myelography; intra-operative electrophysiology.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary  Fourteen patients with traumatic brachial plexus injuries underwent intradural inspection of cervical nerve roots to evaluate radiological and intra-operative electrophysiological findings concerning cervical nerve root avulsion from the spinal cord. Four neurosurgeons of our department assessed independently from each other both myelography and CT-myelography concerning intradural nerve root lesions. Each neurosurgeon assessed a total of 26 cervical nerve roots. Two investigators assessed 6/26 and 2 investigators 7/26 nerve roots falsely concerning ventral or/and dorsal root lesions compared with the findings on intradural inspection (23% and 27% false findings). There was a considerable variance concerning the assessibility and findings among the 4 neurosurgeons. Reconstructive surgery was performed after a mean interval of 6.5 months following trauma and 2 weeks following intradural inspection. After exposure of the brachial plexus and the cervical nerve roots in question via a ventral approach, 13 cervical nerve roots were stimulated electrically close to the neuroforamen and cortical evoked potentials (root-SEPs) were recorded from the contralateral postcentral region. All 5 roots with SEPs were intact (no root lesion) and all 8 roots without SEPs showed interrupted (ventral or/and dorsal) rootlets on intradural inspection. Our results demonstrate that false radiological findings concerning root lesions are possible. Intra-operative root-SEPs seem to be a useful aid for evaluation of cervical nerve root lesions. However, more electrophysiological data are necessary to ascertain, if this modality is able to replace intradural inspection in unclear radiological cases in the future.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    ISSN: 0942-0940
    Keywords: Optic glioma ; neurofibromatosis type 1 ; reciprocal translocation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary An 11-year-old boy affected by neurofibromatosis type 1 is presented with severely impaired vision on the right eye (0.1). MRI demonstrated a 2.3×1.8 cm tumour of the optic chiasma. After open biopsy cytogenetic analysis was performed on primary cultures of this optic glioma (grade I). A clonal translocation t(10;21)(q 21.2;21.1) was detected in 66% of the metaphases analysed. The boy received fractioned irradiation with a total tumour dose of 60 Gy. The ultimate MRI taken 18 month after radiotherapy showed no residual tumour. The vision on the right improved to 0.2, but decreased on the left to 0.6. The patient attends high school with no impairment in his daily life.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Acta neurochirurgica 135 (1995), S. 84-86 
    ISSN: 0942-0940
    Keywords: Craniotomy ; shaving ; infection
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Shaving of the hair and neurosurgical procedures are almost inseparably connected issues. This may add an additional psychological stress to the patient. Those departments which abandoned pre-operative shaving did not see higher infection rates. From January 1993 to September 1994 we performed 57 cranial procedures without any shaving, among them 5 shunt procedures. We found no disturbances of wound healing or septic complications. Therefore neurosurgical procedures without shaving are recommended for all benign cranial processes if a rapid rehabilitation of the patient to his normal daily life is to be expected.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    ISSN: 0942-0940
    Keywords: Pain ; DREZ lesion ; plexus lesions ; postherpetic neuralgia
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The results of 58 dorsal root entry zone (DREZ) thermocoagulation procedures in 51 patients are reported. The postoperative analgesic effect was judged by the patients as being good (more than 75% pain reduction), fair (25–75% pain reduction) or poor (less than 25% pain reduction). Of the 14 patients who underwent surgery for pain due to cervical root avulsion, 10 (77%) had permanently good (8) or fair (2) pain relief after a mean follow up period of 76 months, another 2 (15%) experienced recurrence to the pre-operative level (initially 1 good, 1 fair) after more than 2 and 4 years, respectively. Twenty two paraplegics were operated upon, 3 of whom twice, for intractable pain. After a mean observation time of 54 months, continuing pain relief was reported by 12 (55%) patients (11 good, 1 fair), and one (initially fair) had recurrent pain after 8 months. All 3 (early) re-operations remain successful for an average period of 75 months. Poor results were seen especially in cases of associated spinal cord cysts (5 out of 7), despite combined drainage, and in patients with diffuse pain distribution (5 out of 6). Continuous marked improvement for longer periods (mean follow up: 52 months) after DREZ lesions was reported only by 2 out of 10 patients with postherpetic neuralgia (12 procedures) and by 1 out of 5 with painful states due to radiation-induced brachial plexopathy (2), previous surgery (2) and malignant tumour infiltration of the brachial plexus (1). Three patients died postoperatively due to acute cardiac failure (2) and pulmonary embolism (1). Major complications, especially permanent gait disturbances were observed in 6 patients (12%) following primary procedures and in 2 out of 7 patients after re-operations, most of them suffering from postherpetic neuralgia. Minor neurological deficits were noted in 9 cases (18%). DREZ lesions revealed to be an effective procedure in patients with pain related to root avulsion and paraplegia. In contrast, it seems to be less successful for painful states due to other plexus lesions or postherpetic neuralgia.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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