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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Strain softening in an epoxy resin (1982)
    Springer
    Journal of materials science 17 (1982), S. 2700-2708 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4803
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract Post-yield behaviour, particularly strain softening, has been studied here for an epoxy resin to examine the effects of postcuring and plasticization by water and a non-volatile diluent dibutylphtalate. The significance of necking was examined by conducting compression tests (at room temperature) as well as tensile tests. In the case of tensile tests, elevated temperatures were used in order to achieve yielding. The amount of strain softening was found to be reduced by postcuring or by the addition of a plasticizer. In the case of postcuring, little change in yield stress occurred, whereas, with plasticizers, a reduction in yield stress does occur.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00543907
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of the interface on the mechanical properties of composite materials (1974)
    Springer
    Rheologica acta 13 (1974), S. 618-626 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-1528
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01521765
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The development of a damage zone at the tip of a crack in glass fiber reinforced polyester resin (1974)
    Springer
    International journal of fracture 10 (1974), S. 606-608 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2673
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00155267
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Fracture surface work measurements on glassy polymers by a cleavage technique. II. Effects of crosslinking and preorientation (1965)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 9 (1965), S. 609-626 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: It has recently been postulated that viscous flow, or plastic deformation, occurs near the tip of an advancing crack in glassy amorphous polymers such as Plexiglas, and this results in molecular orientation at the fracture surface. The evidence for this has been the appearance of colors on fresh fracture surfaces of Plexiglas and the extremely high measured surface work which is 1000 times greater than the theoretical surface energy. The effect of crosslinking has been studied by measuring the surface work of crosslinked forms of Plexiglas and highly crosslinked thermosetting polymers. The surface work decreases as the degree of crosslinking in Plexiglas increases. Colors are absent on the fracture surface of the highly crosslinked Plexiglas, and the surface is mirror-smooth. The effect of crosslinking is to inhibit viscous flow or plastic deformation at the tip of the crack. The surface work of polyester and epoxy resins have been measured and found to be a factor of 10 smaller than the linear polymers, but still remain much higher than the theoretical estimates. Preorienting Plexiglas or polystyrene reduces the surface work of a crack propagating parallel to the orientation and increases the surface work of a crack normal to the orientation. The colors on the fracture surfaces of preoriented Plexiglas samples either disappear or change to colors of shorter wavelengths if the crack is propagated parallel to the orientation. This is a good indication that orientation occurs at the tip of a crack and is responsible for the appearance of colors on Plexiglas fracture surfaces. The surface work of 150% hotstretched polystyrene is 7000 erg/cm.2, and the fracture surface is mirror-smooth. This surface work is greater by only a factor of 10 than the theoretical estimate and suggests that only a small amount of molecular motion has taken place.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1965.070090222
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Fracture surface work measurements on glassy polymers by a cleavage technique. I. Effects of temperature (1965)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 9 (1965), S. 589-608 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: It has recently been postulated that viscous flow or plastic deformation occurs near the tip of an advancing crack in glassy amorphous polymers such as Plexiglas, and this results in molecular orientation of the fracture surface. The evidence for this has been the appearance of colors on fresh fracture surfaces of Plexiglas and the extremely high measured surface work which is 1000 times greater than the theoretical surface energy. The surface energy of a solid is defined as the amount of energy required to create unit area of surface in the material by separating two planes each of half a unit area in extent, and the measured surface work of a polymer may also include any irreversible work which occurred during the fracture process. In the present investigation a cleavage test has been empolyed to measure the surface work of glassy polymers and to measure the effects of temperature on the surface work. A reproducible procedure has been developed to measure the surface work of cracks which propagate continuously and for cracks which propagate in a stick-slip fashion. The measured surface work of Plexiglas II is 1.2 × 102 erg/cm.2, and the value for a typical polystyrene is 4 × 105 erg/cm.2, compared to a theoretical estimate of 450 erg/cm.2. The surface work varies with temperature over the range of -40 to 80°C. The surface work of Plexiglas II and polystyrene decrease with increasing temperature. Colors have been seen on the Plexiglas fracture surfaces over the entire temperature range, and the fracture surface changes from rough to mirror-smooth at elevated temperatures. The inherent flaw size of the polymers, from Griffith's equation, also varies with temperature and is thought to be related to the crazing behavior of the polymer. At 23°C. the flaw size for polystyrene is 0.05 in. and for Plexiglas II, 0.002 in.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1965.070090221
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The influence of the interface on the strength and elastic properties of low aspect ratio fibre composites (1974)
    Springer
    Journal of materials science 9 (1974), S. 1420-1428 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4803
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The strength and elastic properties of randomly distributed low aspect ratio fibre composites were investigated. The fibre-matrix interfacial conditions were varied by applying various surface treatments to the fibres. The influence of the interfacial bond on the strengths of such composites was demonstrated.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00552927
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Fatigue damage studies in high strength sheet-molding compound fiberglass composites (1982)
    Brookfield, Conn. : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Composites 3 (1982), S. 105-112 
    Details
    ISSN: 0272-8397
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The materials considered in this investigation were oriented-hybrid-glass-fiber-reinforced vinyl ester resin sheet-molding compound (SMC) composites. The composition of one material was 60 percent continuous glass and 5 percent random fibers, while the other was 45 percent continuous glass and 20 percent random fibers. The S-N curves for the two materials were determined in the continuous fiber direction. The fatigue stress levels ranged from approximately 20 to 80 percent of each material's respective ultimate tensile strength. The residual tensile strengths of the fiber-reinforced composites were not seriously reduced until near final fracture. The moduli of the composites in the fiber direction are also not reduced in any detectable manner. Damping measurements have shown that the damping increases during fatigue and that it is a sensitive measure of matrix and interface damage, generally debonding and cracking. It is shown by damping measurements that damage accumulates differently for two materials studied. The material with the higher percent of continuous glass appeared to be more cycle-dependent, while the other was more stress-dependent.
    Additional Material: 14 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pc.750030302
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The effect of water on the fracture surface energy of fiber-reinforced composite materials (1982)
    Brookfield, Conn. : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Composites 3 (1982), S. 113-117 
    Details
    ISSN: 0272-8397
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The effect of absorbed water on the fracture surface energy of both glass and graphite fiber unidirectional epoxy composites has been studied. The fracture energy parallel to the fiber direction was measured by the double torsion technique. Water was absorbed at 70°C while the sample was subject to an external tensile stress both parallel and perpendicular to the fiber direction. No degradation of fracture surface energy was measured for specimens stressed and immersed in water at 70°C for up to 1000 h. The fracture surface energy for the glass composite was greater than for the graphite composite, which was attributed to fiber pull-out in the case of the glass composite.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pc.750030303
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Moisture penetration into composites under external stress (1981)
    Brookfield, Conn. : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Composites 2 (1981), S. 132-136 
    Details
    ISSN: 0272-8397
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Moisture penetration at 95°C into glass fiber and graphite fiber-reinforced epoxies is examined in stressed and unstressed materials. The study focuses on the effect of the angle between the stress and the fiber directions on the diffusivities. It is found that the consequence of applying external stresses to composites is an increase in their rate of moisture absorption, their maximum moisture content, and in the diffusion coefficients. As the angle between the loading and fiber directions in increased the rate and the maximum value of moisture absorption also increase. Their ratio, however, remains constant resulting in loading angle independence of the exposure of the composites to water produces a typical damage mechanism which enhances moisture take-up.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pc.750020310
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Fracture studies in rubber-modified acrylics. I. Experimental method: Design of sandwich-tapered double-cantilever beam cleavage specimens (1973)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 17 (1973), S. 1909-1917 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Double-cantilever beam cleavage specimens are very useful in characterizing the fracture behavior of isotropic, homogeneous, brittle, and semibrittle polymers. However, until this time they have not been used for ductile materials such as rubber-modified polymers or polycarbonates because of excessive yielding or breakage of the specimen arms before crack propagation can occur. In order to make it possible to measure the fracture surface work of these materials, a new sandwich cleavage specimen was developed by bonding rigid reinforcement plates to both sides of the specimen sheet. With this sandwich-tapered double-cantilever beam cleavage specimen, one can create conditions under which controlled crack propagation through tough ductile materials and measurement of the fracture surface work-two previously unobtainable results-are readily determined. In this paper, the design and construction of the sandwich specimens, test procedure, and the data analysis will be discussed in detail.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1973.070170623
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