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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Multiple metabolic abnormalities in normal glucose tolerant relatives of NIDDM families (1997)
    Springer
    Diabetologia 40 (1997), S. 1185-1190 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Keywords C-peptide ; proinsulin ; insulin ; insulin secretion ; insulin resistance ; insulin clearance ; families ; adiposity ; glucose intolerance.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Non-diabetic first degree relatives of non-insulin-dependent diabetic (NIDDM) families are at increased risk of developing diabetes mellitus, and have been studied to identify early metabolic abnormalities. Hormone concentrations measured by specific enzyme immunoassays were assessed in non-diabetic relatives of North European extraction, and control subjects with no family history of diabetes were matched for age, sex and ethnicity. A 75-g oral glucose tolerance test was conducted and those with newly diagnosed NIDDM were excluded. Basal insulin resistance was determined by homeostasis model assessment (HOMA), and hepatic insulin clearance by C-peptide:insulin molar ratio. Relatives (n = 150) were heavier (BMI: p 〈 0.0001) than the control subjects (n = 152), and had an increased prevalence of impaired glucose tolerance (15 vs 3 %, p 〈 0.01). The relatives had increased fasting proinsulin levels and decreased C-peptide levels following the glucose load, while insulin levels were increased at all time points. To examine whether the differences in hormone levels were secondary to the differences in glucose tolerance and adiposity, we studied 100 normal glucose tolerant relatives and control subjects pair-matched for age, sex, waist-hip ratio and BMI. The differences in proinsulin levels were no longer apparent. However, the relatives remained more insulin resistant, and had decreased C-peptide levels and C-peptide:insulin ratios at all time points. In conclusion, we have identified several metabolic abnormalities in the normal glucose tolerant relatives, and propose that the decreased hepatic insulin clearance helps to maintain normoglycaemia in the face of combined insulin resistance and decreased insulin secretion. [Diabetologie (1997) 40: 1185–1190]
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001250050805
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of an acute decrease in non-esterified fatty acid levels on muscle glucose utilization and forearm indirect calorimetry in lean NIDDM patients (1996)
    Springer
    Diabetologia 39 (1996), S. 103-112 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Non-esterified fatty acids ; insulin sensitivity ; muscle indirect calorimetry ; non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus ; acipimox
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The aim of the study was to evaluate an acute decrease in NEFA levels during an oral glucose tolerance test and its effects on glucose tolerance, muscle glucose uptake and muscle indirect calorimetry in ten lean non-insulin-dependent diabetic subjects. Two 75-g oral glucose tolerance tests were performed in random order. Placebo or 250 mg acipimox (to inhibit lipolysis) were administered orally 2 h before the start of the oral glucose tolerance test. Two hours after acipimox administration (time 0), non-esterified fatty acid, glycerol and 3-hydroxybutyrate levels decreased by 84, 68 and 77% respectively, compared to basal levels. Concomitantly, muscle lipid oxidation and non-oxidative glycolysis also decreased significantly. After placebo administration, non-esterified fatty acids, glycerol and 3-hydroxybutyrate and lipid oxidation increased by 29, 28, 106 and 33%, respectively (NS vs basal levels; p〈0.001 vs acipimox). There was a negative rate of net glucose storage (interpreted as glycogenolysis) during post-absorptive conditions and at time 0 after administration of both drugs. After oral glucose tolerance test, the incremental areas of blood glucose and insulin were significantly decreased by 18 and 19% after acipimox compared to placebo. In addition, the ratio between the incremental area of forearm muscle glucose uptake and the insulin levels was significantly increased by 45% during acipimox compared to placebo administration. Glucose oxidation and non-oxidative glycolysis were significantly higher while lipid oxidation was significantly lower after acipimox than after placebo. In conclusion, our study found that in lean non-insulin-dependent diabetic subjects, an acute decrease in non-esterified fatty acid levels improves glucose tolerance, muscle glucose uptake, glucose oxidation and non-oxidative glycolysis, but is unable to normalize glucose storage.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00400420
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Diagnostic system for measurement of particle balance in TMX-U (1986)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 57 (1986), S. 2072-2074 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Several diagnostics measure the particle sources and losses in the Tandem Mirror Experiment-Upgrade (TMX-U) plasma. An absolutely calibrated high-speed (0.5 ms per frame) filtered (6561 A(ring)) video camera measures the total ionization source as a function of radius. An axial view of the plasma automatically integrates the axial variations within the depth of field of the system. Another camera, viewing the plasma radially, measures the axial source variations near the deuterium fueling source. Axial ion losses are measured by an array of Faraday cups that are equipped with grids for repelling electrons and are mounted at each end of the experiment. Unequal ion and electron (nonambipolar) radial losses are inferred from net current measurements on an array of grounded plates at each end. Any differences between the measured particle losses and sources may be attributed to ambipolar radial losses and/or azimuthal asymmetries in the particle-loss profiles. Methods of system calibration, along with details of computer data acquisition and processing of this relatively large set of data, are also presented.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1138742
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Plasma measurements with the TMX-U E(parallel)B end-loss-ion spectrometers (1986)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 57 (1986), S. 1786-1788 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Two E(parallel)B end-loss-ion spectrometers (ELIS) are now making plasma measurements on tandem mirror experiment-upgrade (TMX-U). One instrument is mounted on each end of this open-ended tandem-mirror machine. These spectrometers observe plasma losses along magnetic-field lines. They operate reliably and with a minimum of attention during an experimental run. Their data, which are quickly acquired and analyzed, help guide the experimental sequence. The parallel electric and magnetic fields separate the end-loss ions according to mass (D+ and H+) and energy. Each spectrometer detects ions with an array of 128 flat collector plates that are made from copper-coated G10 epoxy fiberglass, normally used for printed-circuit boards. The ELIS diagnostic system produces a wealth of experimental information, including data on peak plasma potential, central-cell ion temperature, potentials in the thermal-barrier region, axial confinement and ion-end-loss plugging, energetic-electron losses, and hydrogen/deuterium concentrations.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1139182
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    MTX data acquisition and analysis computer network : Eight topical conference on high−temperature plasma diagnostics (1990)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 61 (1990), S. 3277-3279 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: For the MTX experiment, we use a network of computers for plasma diagnostic data acquisition and analysis. This multivendor network employs VMS, UNIX, and BASIC based computers connected in a local area Ethernet network. Some of the data is acquired directly into a VAX/VMS computer cluster over a fiber-optic serial CAMAC highway. Several HP-Unix workstations and HP-BASIC instrument control computers acquire and analyze data for the more data intensive or specialized diagnostics. The VAX/VMS system is used for global analysis of the data and serves as the central data archiving and retrieval manager. Shot synchronization and control of data flow are implemented by task-to-task message passing using our interprocess communication system. The system has been in operation during our initial MTX tokamak and FEL experiments; it has operated reliably with data rates typically in the range of 5 Mbytes/shot without limiting the experimental shot rate.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1141612
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Manganese absorption in CaF2:Mn; I (1986)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 60 (1986), S. 1124-1130 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: We report detailed optical absorption spectra for Mn2+ in CaF2. The spectra from unirradiated samples, reported here for the first time, enable the 495-nm luminescence emission to be clearly assigned to a transition from the first excited 4T1g (4G) level to the 6A1g (6S) ground state. On the basis of the absorption curves energy level assignments are made for all of the 4G, 4D, 4P, and 4F levels. Racah parameters are evaluated and the reduction of these from their free-ion values, due to covalency effects, is estimated. A value of Dq=420 cm−1 is calculated and an Orgel diagram for this system is constructed. Finally, oscillator strengths for each of the transitions are estimated from the absorption spectra. The optical absorption spectra from gamma irradiated samples show a complex array of overlapping bands, most of which can be shown to be related to the presence of Mn. The thermal annealing of the bands is associated with the production of thermoluminescence at an emission wavelength of 495 nm. Although no definite models can be offered for the defects involved in these processes, they are believed to be complexes of Mn and radiation-induced defects (e.g., Mn/F centers).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.337355
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Characterization of optically active sites in CaF2:Ce,Mn from optical spectra (1986)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 60 (1986), S. 2505-2510 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: In this work we study CaF2:Ce,Mn and use optical absorption, photoluminescence (excitation and emission), and x-ray-induced luminescence to characterize the role played by Ce in various lattice sites during these processes. The data indicate that energy transfer takes place from Ce to Mn, predominantly from Ce3+ in tetragonal sites (i.e., Ce3+-F−int centers with C4v symmetry). There is also some evidence of transfer from higher-order clusters of these defects. In contrast, however, we note that there is no evidence of energy transfer in x-ray-excited luminescence; an increase in the Ce concentration causes a decrease in the Mn2+ emission. It appears from the present investigations that, during x-ray excitation, nonlocally compensated Ce3+ ions of cubic symmetry compete with Mn2+ ions for free electrons released during irradiation. Thus, the data indicate that tetragonal Ce3+ sites are dominant during UV excitation and give rise to energy transfer to Mn2+, whereas cubic Ce3+ sites are dominant during irradiation with high-energy ionizing radiations and no energy transfer takes place.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.337112
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Role of Activity in the Differentiation of Slow and Fast Muscles (1973)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 244 (1973), S. 178-179 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Unilateral section of the sciatic nerve was carried out in rats under ether anaesthesia within twelve hours of birth. One to six weeks later, soleus and extensor digitorum longus (EDL) muscles were removed from both legs and set up for tension recording as described by Blunt and Jones6. Time to ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/244178a0
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Lack of involvement of basic fibroblast growth factor (FGF-2) in capillary growth in skeletal muscles exposed to long-term contractile activity (1998)
    Springer
    Angiogenesis 2 (1998), S. 81-91 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7209
    Keywords: bek ; capillary/fiber ratio ; chronic electrical stimulation ; fibroblast growth factor-2 ; flg ; immunohistochemistry ; mRNA ; receptors ; skeletal muscle
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) are involved in stimulation of angiogenesis in tumors and other pathological circumstances. Increased activity of normal skeletal muscles resulting from chronic electrical stimulation is a very potent stimulus for capillary growth but a relationship between the initiation of this angiogenesis and the involvement of autocrine growth factors has yet to be established. Although FGF expression has been reported in muscles stimulated for 3 weeks, capillary growth is underway significantly earlier, beginning around 3 days. The present experiments have therefore studied the possible involvement of basic fibroblast growth factor (FGF-2) in stimulated rat fast skeletal muscles prior to, and coincident with, capillary growth. Muscle contractions were induced via electrodes implanted in the vicinity of the peroneal nerve and maintained for 8h/day for 2, 4 or 7 days. Capillary/fiber ratio (C/F), based on staining of capillary endothelium for alkaline phosphatase, was not changed in either extensor digitorum longus (EDL) or tibialis anterior (TA) after 2 days stimulation, but increased in TA stimulated for 4 days and in both muscles after 7 days. The expression of mRNA for FGF-2, detected by ribonuclease protection assay, was decreased in all stimulated muscles compared with control or contralateral muscles; immunohistochemistry showed FGF-2 gene product in nerves and larger blood vessels but not in capillaries. There was no evidence from immunohistochemistry for up-regulation of receptors flg and bek for FGF-2. The presence of FGF-2, flg and bek in arterioles may indicate a possible role for FGF-2 in the regulation of blood flow since we have previously shown it to be a dilator of small arterioles. However, based on the lack of correlation between changes in capillary density and the expression of mRNA and protein for FGF-2 and its receptors, it is unlikely that it is directly linked with the initiation of angiogenesis resulting from chronic activity in skeletal muscles.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009058511532
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Diseases resulting from mitochondrial DNA point mutations (1992)
    Springer
    Journal of inherited metabolic disease 15 (1992), S. 472-479 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2665
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary A number of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) mutations have been identified which cause familial, late onset neuromuscular degenerative diseases. These include missense mutations in most of the mtDNA polypeptide genes as well as base substitutions in several tRNA genes. Missense mutations in the mitochondrial electron-transport genes cause Leber hereditary optic neuropathy. Ten mutations have been associated with this disease, but four at nps 11 178, 3460, 4160 and 15 257 appear sufficient in themselves to cause the disease. One missense mutation in the ATPase 6 gene at np 8993 causes a second phenotype, neurogenic muscle weakness, ataxia and retinitis pigmentosum. Transfer RNA mutations have been identified for myoclonic epilepsy and ragged-red fibre disease in the tRNALys gene at np 8344 and for the mitochondrial encephalomyopathy, lactic acidosis and stroke-like episodes syndrome and for maternal mitochondrial myopathy and cardiomyopathy syndrome in the tRNALeu(UUR) gene at nps 3234 and 3260, respectively. Deficiencies in mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation enzymes have been observed in several common neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer and Parkinson diseases. Perhaps mtDNA mutations play a role in these as well.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01799605
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