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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Psychology 42 (1991), S. 459-491 
    ISSN: 0066-4308
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Psychology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1365-2036
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Background : Transdermal nicotine is of value in active ulcerative colitis but causes adverse events because of systemic absorption. Nicotine enemas may give rise to fewer adverse events.Aim : To assess the pharmacokinetics of nicotine enemas in three doses.Methods : Thirteen volunteers, all non-smokers but three ex-smokers, were given enemas on separate occasions containing 3, 6 and 9 mg of nicotine, in ascending dose order. Adverse events were recorded and blood samples taken over 8 h for measurement of serum nicotine and cotinine.Results : Enemas were retained by most subjects. Eleven of 14 adverse events were ‘early’– 30–105 min after the enema, corresponding to maximum plasma nicotine concentrations; three events were later, 4–8 h after the enema and unrelated to the tmax. ‘Early’ adverse events occurred in eight subjects – six with 9 mg. The three highest plasma nicotine concentrations were with 9 mg and associated with headache, nausea and sweating. Only one had adverse events with 3 mg and withdrew from the study. Nicotine Cmax with 6 and 9 mg doses were respectively two and three times the value with 3 mg. Peak nicotine concentrations occurred 44–50 min after the enema.Conclusion : The 6 mg dose of nicotine probably represents the dose to use in clinical practice – for the highest therapeutic dose with a low risk of adverse events.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    ISSN: 0040-4020
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Cancer Genetics and Cytogenetics 75 (1994), S. 117-119 
    ISSN: 0165-4608
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Tetrahedron Letters 32 (1991), S. 6239-6242 
    ISSN: 0040-4039
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Tetrahedron Letters 26 (1985), S. 5093-5096 
    ISSN: 0040-4039
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    ISSN: 1432-0584
    Keywords: Key words Lymphoblastic leukemia ; Myelodysplastic syndrome ; Fluorescence in situ hybridization
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  The evolution of acute lymphoblastic leukemia from a myelodysplastic syndrome is a very uncommon event. We describe a 46-year-old man in whom refractory anemia with excess blasts (RAEB) evolved to a pre-B acute lymphocytic leukemia. Trisomy 8 was one of the cytogenetic abnormalities in the dysplastic clone and was detected in both peripheral blood and bone marrow smears of interphase cells by the fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) technique. Using a chromosome 8 centromeric specific DNA probe we identified the trisomy 8 to be present in lymphoblasts, erythroid precursors, myeloblasts, promyelocytes, myelocytes, metamyelocytes, granulocytes, and monocytes. Our case supports the hypothesis that in MDS the pluripotent precursor cell is affected, and we examine the potential role of FISH for the study and follow-up of some hematological diseases.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Annals of hematology 64 (1992), S. 273-276 
    ISSN: 1432-0584
    Keywords: Emperipolesis ; Megakaryocytes ; Thrombocytosis ; Bone marrow
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Sixty-three bone marrow (BM) biopsy paraffin sections from patients with platelet counts of 1000×109/1 or greater were examined to determine the incidence of megakaryocytic emperipolesis for the various myeloproliferative disorders (MPDs) and for reactive thrombocytosis. Of those cases classified as specific MPDs, 77% of primary thrombocythemia (PT) specimens, 100% of the polycythemia vera (PV) specimens, a single idiopathic myelofibrosis (IMF) specimen, and 17% of the chronic granulocytic leukemia (CGL) specimens demonstrated emperipolesis within megakaryocytes. Two of three cases grouped as MPDs but not further classified also demonstrated emperipolesis. Of the cases of reactive thrombocytosis (RT), 75% showed the presence of emperipolesis. Our results indicate that, with the exception of CGL, emperipolesis can be found in the BM megakaryocytes of the great majority of patients who have extreme thrombocytosis. The underlying cause, whether myeloproliferative or reactive, does not apparently influence the incidence of the phenomenon.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    ISSN: 1435-1803
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die funktionelle Reserve der arteriellen Koronargefäße, die die Myokarddurchblutung begrenzt, wurde an Hundeherzen untersucht. An isolierten Herzen wurde während maximaler Vasodilatation die transmurale Durchblutungsverteilung mit der “tracer-microspheres-Methode” am nichtbelasteten diastolisch stillstehenden Ventrikel bestimmt. Das Verhältnis von subendokardialer zu subepikardialer (ENDO/EPI) Durchblutung in der freien Wand des linken Ventrikels betrug 1.6. Die Messungen in acht verschiedenen Wandschichten zeigten eine stetige Zunahme der maximalen Koronardurchblutung von subepikardial zu den tiefen Wandschichten hin. Ein verminderter vaskulärer Gefäßwiderstand auf Grund einer verbesserten Vaskularisierung im Subendokard wird als Kompensationsmechanismus für die vermehrte extravasale Durchblutungsbehinderung in diesen Wandschichten angesehen. Diese Aussage steht in deutlichem Widerspruch zu der allgemein üblichen Auffassung, daß ein verminderter Tonus der Widerstandsgefäße mit eingeschränkter Dilatationsreserve in den tiefen Wandschichten die Ursache einer homogenen Durchblutungsverteilung bei normalschlagenden Herzen sei. Eine vermehrte Gefäßkapazität im Subendokard wird durch koronarangiographische Befunde untermauert, die zeigen, daß das Gefäßvolumen der kleinen intramuralen Arterien und Arteriolen in den tiefen Wandschichten vermehrt ist. Eine gute Übereinstimmung im transmuralen Verteilungsmuster der maximalen regionalen Koronardurchblutung und dem koronararteriellen Volumen innerhalb der Wand zeigt, daß diese Gefäßstrukturen den begrenzenden Faktor der maximalen Durchblutung bei aufgehobenem extravasalem Koronarwiderstand darstellen.
    Notes: Summary The functional capacity of flow limiting myocardial conductance vessels was evaluated in canine hearts. In an isolated heart preparation transmural coronary flow distribution during maximal vasodilation was measured in the unloaded diastolic arrested left ventricle with tracer microspheres. The ratio of subendocardial versus subepicardial (ENDO/EPI) flow in the left ventricular free wall was 1.6. Measurements in 8 different wall layers showed a successive increase in maximal coronary flow from the subepicardium towards the deeper layers. A decreased subendocardial vascular resistance due to a better vascularization is forwarded as a mechanism to compensate for the extravascular compression during cardiac contraction. This statement contradicts the commonly accepted hypothesis that a diminished vascular tone with a reduction of the dilatory reserve in the subendocardium accounts for a homogeneous flow distribution in the normal beating heart. An augmentation of subendocardial supplying vessel capacity could be established from the angiographic determination of the coronary arterial volume of intramural small arteries and arterioles. From a strict parallelity in maximal coronary flow and coronary arterial volume within the wall, it becomes probable that these vascular structures are the flow-limiting factors which determine regional coronary flow reserve in the absence of extravascular compressive forces.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Basic research in cardiology 73 (1978), S. 571-583 
    ISSN: 1435-1803
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Der Einfluß von unterschiedlichen Stenosierungen des Ramus circumflexus der linken Koronararterie und von verschiedenen ventrikulären Belastungen auf die regionale Koronardurchblutung wurde an isolierten Hundeherzen, die mit Blut eines Spenderhundes perfundiert wurden, untersucht. Während Autoregulation fand sich zwischen im Mittel 52% igen und 73% igen Koronarstenosen kein Unterschied, weder im Druckgradienten über die Stenose noch in der Durchblutung oder Durchblutungsverteilung (Endo/Epi-Ratio) in dem von der stenosierten Arterie versorgten Myokard (PS-Myokard). Bei diesem Stenosegrad war die Durchblutung im PS-Myokard nicht unterschiedlich von der Durchblutung des normal perfundierten Areals. Eine Zunahme des Stenosegrades auf 90% führte zu einem signifikanten Anstieg des Druckgradienten über die Stenose, obwohl die Durchblutung nicht deutlich vermindert war. Während maximaler Vasodilatation kam es zu einer signifikanten Zunahme des Druckabfalles bei allen Stenosegraden. Die Durchblutung des PS-Myokards nahm gegenüber Autoregulation bei 52- und 73% igen Stenosen zu; die Zunahme der Durchblutung war jedoch signifikant weniger als in dem normal perfundierten Gebiet. Bei einer Stenose von 90% war während Vasodilatation keine Durchblutungszunahme gegenüber Autoregulation meßbar. Die Endo/Epi-Ratio im PS-Myokard war während Vasodilatation in jedem Fall vermindert. Im normal perfundierten Myokard war kein Einfluß der Vasodilatation auf die Endo/Epi-Ratio nachweisbar. Eine zunehmende ventrikuläre Druckbelastung führte zu einer progredienten Einschränkung der Endo/Epi-Ratio im PS-Myokard. Der Unterschied in der Wirkung der ventrikulären Belastung zwischen dem normal perfundierten und dem PS-Myokard mit zunehmender ventrikulärer Belastung nahm deutlich zu und wurde ebenso durch eine vermehrte subendokardiale Durchblutungsbehinderung mit zunehmendem Stenosegrad charakterisiert.
    Notes: Summary The effects of varying degrees of circumflex coronary arterial stenoses and varying left ventricular loading conditions on coronary blood flow were evaluated in isolated, metabolically supported dog hearts. During autoregulation no difference was noted between 52 and 73% stenosis in terms of pressure gradient over the stenosis, level of blood flow to myocardium subtended by the stenosed artery (PS myocardium), or the Endo/Epi flow ratio in the PS myocardium. At these levels of stenosis, PS myocardial flow was not significantly different from the level of flow to normally perfused myocardium. An increase in stenosis severity to 90% resulted in a significant increase in the pressure gradient over the stenosis, although flow was maintained at control levels. Maximal coronary vasodilation resulted in significant increases in the pressure gradients at all levels of stenosis. PS myocardial flow increased over autoregulation, with 52 and 73% stenoses, although to a significantly lesser degree than in the normally perfused region. At the 90% stenosis level, no increase in blood flow was elicited by vasodilation as compared to autoregulation. The Endo/Epi ratio in PS myocardium declined significantly with vasodilation. In normal perfused myocardium vasodilation had no significant effect on the Endo/Epi ratio. Increasing levels of mean left ventricular pressure resulted in a progressive reduction in the Endo/Epi ratio in PS myocardium. The differences in the effects of loading between normal myocardium and PS myocardium were progressively more marked with increasing levels of load and were also progressively exaggerated by increasing degrees of stenosis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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