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  • 1
    ISSN: 1365-3180
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: In June 1989, a survey was made of 733 fields of winter cereals, 627 in England and Wales and 106 in Fife and the Lothian regions of Scotland. The occurrence of Bromus species was noted in three areas of each field: the uncropped field margin, the cropped headland and the field centre. Three arbitrarily defined infestation levels were recorded: severe, light and intermediate.The most common species recorded was Bromus sterilis L., which accounted for almost 87% of all sightings. Most of the other occurrences were almost equally distributed between B. hordeaceus L., and B. commutatus Schrad. Two other species were found, on one field each: B. diandrus Roth and B. × pseudothominii Hard. Surveyors were briefed to recognize B. secalinus L, but none was reported.The brome grasses were widespread throughout the surveyed regions. They were most common in the Lothians (81 % of surveyed fields) and in the South East (60%) and the South West (52%) of England and least common in the English West Midlands, Fife and Wales (17%, 15% and 4% of surveyed fields). Distribution was biased towards the uncropped margins and field headlands. In England and Wales, there were 146 fields where Bromus species occurred in the field margins only, 179 in margins and headlands only and 63 with infestations in all three areas. In contrast, there were only 26 fields where they were restricted to the cropped areas. A similar pattern occurred in Scotland.The correlations between incidence of the Bromus species and management practices were much weaker than had been anticipated. The standard advice for control is to plough rather than use non-inversion tillage systems, to delay sowing and to avoid long runs of winter cereals. The conclusion of this survey is that, although these practices may be reducing or preventing increase of these weeds, they are not effective at eliminating infestations. Incidence des espèces Bromus comme mauvaises herbes des céréales d'hiver en Angleterre, au Pays de Galles et dans certaines parties de I'Écosse En juin 1989 une enquête a été réalisée dans 733 champs de céréales d'hiver, 627 en Angleterre et au Pays de Galles, et 106 dans les régions d'Écosse Fife et Lothian. La présence d'espèces Bromus a été notée sur trois zones de chaque champ: la bordure non-cultivée ('field margin'), la bordure cultivée ('headland') et le centre du champ. Trois niveaux d'infestation arbitraires ont eAté notés: sévère, léger et moyen. Les espèces les plus communément rencontrées étaient Bromus sterilis L. qui représentait presque 87 % de l'ensemble des présences. Dans la plupart des autres relevés, B. hordeaceus L. et B. commutatus Schrad se distribuaient presque également. Deuxautres espèces ont été trouvées, chacune dans un champ: B. diandrus Roth et B. × pseudothominii Hard. On avait appris aux enquêteurs à reconnaître B. secalinus L. mais cette espèce n'a pas été rapportée.Les bromes se rencontraient sur tout le territoire des régions étudiées. Elles étaient les plus communes dans les Lothians (81 % des champs étudiés) ainsi que dans le Sud Est (60 %) et dans le Sud Ouest (52 %) de l'Angleterre; les moins communes dans les West Midlands, en Fife et au Pays de Galles (17, 15 et 4 % des champs examinés). Leur distribution était biaisée en faveur des bordures non-cultivées et des bordures cultivées. En Angleterre et au Pays de Galles, dans 146 champs les bromes ne se rencontraient que dans les bordures non-cultivées, dans 179 ils ne se rencontraient que dans les bordures cultivées et non-cultivées, et dans 63 ils se rencontraient dans les trois secteurs du champ. Inversement, il n'y avait que 26 champs oü ils ne se trouvaient que dans la partie cultivée. Une répartition semblable s'observait en Écosse. Les corrélations entre la présence de bromes et la conduite des cultures étaient plus faibles qu'anticipé. Le conseil habituel est de labourer plutôt que de pratiquer des façons culturales sans renversement de la terre, de retarder le semis et d'éviter les longues successions de céréales d'hiver. La conclusion de cette étude est que, bien que ces pratiques peuvent réduire ou prévenir la prolifération de ces mauvaises herbes, elles ne sont pas efficaces pour les éliminer en cas d'infestations. Verbreitung von Bromus spp. in Wintergetreide in England, Wales und Teilen SchottlandsIm Juni 1989 wurde auf 733 Wintergetreidefeldern, 627 in England und Wales und 106 in Fife und in den Lothian-Gebieten in Schottland, das Auftreten von Bromus spp. aufgenommen, getrennt nach dem nichtkultivierten Feldrand, dem Vorgewende und dem Feldinnern. Die Befallsstärke wurde nach schwer, mittel und leicht unterschieden. Die häufigste Trespen-Art war Bromus sterilis L. mit fast 87 % aller Beobachtungen. Die übrigen Vorkommen waren zu fast gleichen Teilen Bromus hordeaceus L. und Bromus commutatus Schrad. Aufje l Feld wurde Bromus diandrus Roth und Bromus × pseudothominii Hard, gefunden. Trotz intensiver Suche wurde kein Bromus secalinus L. festgestellt. Die Trespen traten im Beobachtungsgebiet verb-reitet auf, am häufigsten in den Lothians (81 % der untersuchten Felder) und im Südosten (60 %) und Südwesten (52 %) Englands, am wenigsten in dem englischen West Midland, in Fife und Wales (17, 15 bzw. 4 %). Die Verteilung konzentrierte sich in England und Wales auf 146 Feldern auf die kulturfreien Feldränder, in 179 Fällen auf die Feldränder sowie die Vorgewende, und auf 63 Feldern waren alle 3 Bereiche mit Trespen verunkrautet; nur auf 26 Feldern waren die Arten auf das Feldinnere beschränkt. In Schottland wurde eine ähnliche Verteilung beobachtet. Zwischen der Bewirtschaftung und dem Auftreten der Bromus spp. bestand eine weit schwächere Korrelation als erwartet. Die generelle Bekämpfungsempfehlung ist Pflügen statt nichtwendender Bodenbearbeitung, spätes Säen und Vermeidung von Fruchtfolgen mit hohem Wintergetreideanteil. Aus den Untersuchungsergebnissen folgt, daß diese Bekämp-fungsmaßnahmen Trespen wohl zurückdrängen oder ihre Zunahme verhindern, aber nicht eliminieren können.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1365-3180
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: The spatial distribution of Elymus repens L. was mapped in five cereal fields during the 1994 season. Weed maps were created using a semi-automated system mounted on a vehicle that travelled up the tramlines, centred on a 12-m-wide spray boom. Two operators detected weeds visually and recorded their presence and density by means of a simple push-button system that recorded data from (2 × 1) m2 areas, or cells, across the boom section on a portable computer. The position of the vehicle along the tramline was monitored by integrating output from a wheel sensor. Eight tramlines of one field were mapped three times consecutively, to assess detection and navigational error. Pair-wise comparisons of the three runs gave approximately 85% repeatability on presence/ absence data, 80% on zero/low- or high-density data and 85% on low/high-density data when weeds were definitely present. Simultaneous comparisons of all three runs gave 78%, 69% and 75% respectively. Repeated runs of tramlines up to 550 m long recorded mean differences of approximately 2 m with a maximum error of 14 m (2.5%). The spatial distribution of E. repens within the five fields was visibly patchy, but the size and morphology of patches varied both within and between fields. Thus, the potential reduction in herbicide usage as a result of patch spraying varied with patch morphology and infestation level. The effect of lowering the resolution from six (2 × 1) m2 cells to three (4 × 1) m2 cells across the 12-m boom width showed little change in potential reduction in herbicide usage.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Weed research 13 (1973), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1365-3180
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary. In March 1969 Agropyron repens was planted into the seebded of a spring barley crop undersown with perennial ryegrass cv. S.24. Different fertilizer and cutting treatments were imposed throughout 1970 and 1971 and plots were assessed for A. repens growth at regular intervals up to September 1971. Until the end of June 1971 there was little difference in growth of A. repens under the different treatments, although there was so little growth during much of this period that a high proportion of the rhizome recovered was that produced in the late summer and autumn of 1969, before the ley had fully established.Between early July and mid September 1971 there was considerable rhizome growth on the plots receiving the least intensive cutting treatments, this being most marked at the high nitrogen level.The practical implications of these results for the arable part of a rotation are discussed and three main conclusions are suggested: (1) Regardless of management, a ley is not an effective means of reducing an infestation of A. repens; (2) the sowing of a ley should be preceded by measures to reduce A. repens infestation. Growth of A. repens in the establishment year may be minimised by direct sowing of ryegrass, rather than undersowing; (3) the shallow growth habit of A. repens in a ley points to the need for cultivations as a complement, or as an alternative, to mouldboard ploughing, when the ley is broken. Elude de la croissance d'Agropyron repens (L) Beauv. dans une culture de ray-grass
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Weed research 42 (2002), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1365-3180
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Two experiments have investigated the persistence of 16 arable, annual broad-leaved weed species over 6 years in a silty loam and a clay soil. Small plastic beads were included as an ‘inert’ comparison. Seeds were broadcast in October on to plots at the start of the experiment, and these were either tine cultivated or ploughed annually thereafter. Plots were sown with either spring or winter wheat. As far as possible, weed seeding was prevented each year. For some species, the seed decline appeared to be slower on the ploughed plots than on the tined plots and in the winter wheat compared with the spring wheat. Seed decline also tended to be slower on the clay soil at Rothamsted than on the silty loam at Long Ashton. Some species declined rapidly (e.g. Brassica napus, Chrysanthemum segetum, Galium aparine, Galeopsis tetrahit), with annual decline rates in excess of 58%, whereas others declined very little (e.g. Papaver rhoeas decline rate 9%). Most of the other species had decline rates between 20% and 40%. The results are discussed in relation to the development of population dynamics models to predict long-term consequences of alternative weed management strategies.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Weed research 15 (1975), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1365-3180
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: An infestation of Avena fatua in two successive spring barley crops was monitored from March 1972 to June 1973. The numbers of viable seeds on the uncultivated stubble, viable seeds in the soil, and seedlings emerging in autumn and spring were assessed. Both seed and seedling populations declined when seeding was prevented in 1972, hut increased in all situations where seeding occurred. The greatest increase occurred when the unburnt stubble was cultivated after harvest; the increase was less following straw burning. The greatest losses of newly shed seeds occurred when the stubbles were left uncultivated throughout the autumn, and delaying cultivation was more effective than burning in limiting the rate of increase.Old seeds, already in the soil before 1972, were less dormant and produced a higher percentage of seedlings in 1973 than did seeds shed in 1972. Once in the soil, the greatest losses of seeds occurred during the spring, and it is likely that many seeds germinated but failed to establish as seedlings. It is suggested that the seed reserves of A. fatua in the soil are less persistent than previously reported, especially where mouldboard ploughing is replaced by tine cultivation. The periodicity of seedling emergence in spring was unaffected by the time or type of cultivation, by the age of the seeds or by burning the straw in the previous autumn.Etude de la dynamique d'une population d'Avena fatua soumise à l'influence du brûdage de la paille, de la chute des semences et des façons culturales.Une infestation d'Avena fatua, dans deux cultures successives d'orge, a été observée depuis mars 1972 jusquà juin 1973. Les nombres des semences viables dans le chaume non cultivé, des semences viables dans le sol, et des plantules levant à l'automne et au printemps, ont étéévalués. Les populations de semences et de plantules ont toutes deux diminué lorsque la montre à graine a été empêchée en 1972, mais se sont accrues dans toutes les situations ou la mise k graines s'est produite. L'aceroissement le plus important s'est produit lorsque les chaumes non brûlés ont été cultives apres la moisson; l'aceroissement a été plus faible apres le brülage de la paille. Les pertes les plus élevées de semences récemment tombées se sont produites lorsque les chaumes sont restes non cultives durant tout rautomne, et le retard des fagons culturales a été plus efficace que le brülage pour limiter le taux d'aecroissement.Les semences anciennes, qui étaient dans le sol avant 1972, ont été moins dormantes et ont produit, en 1973, un pourcentage plus élevé de plantules que les semences tombées en 1972. Une fois dans le sol, les plus grandes pertes de semences se sont produites pendant le printemps et il est vraisemblable que de nombreuses semences ont germé mais n'ont pas abouti a l'établissement de plantules. II est suggéré que les réserves de semences d'Avena fatua dans le sol sont moins persistantes qu'on ne le pensait autrefois, particulierement lorsque le labour avec une charrue à versoir est remplacé par un travail avec des appareils á dents. La périodicité des leviés au printemps n'a pas été affectée par I'époque ou par le type de façon culturale, ni par l'âge des semences ou par le brülage de la paille à Tautomne précédent. Eine Untersuchung iiber die Populationsdynamik von Avena fatua L unter dem Einfluss von Strohabbrennen, Samenfall und BodenbearbeitungIn einer Folge von Sommergerste auf Sommergerste wurde der Flughaferbefall von Mai 1972 bis Juni 1973 beobachtet. Die Anzahi lebensfähiger Samen (Karyopsen) in der unbear-beiteten Stoppel und im Boden wie auch die Anzahl der im Herbst und Frühjahr aufgelaufenen Keimpflanzen wurde erfasst. Sowohl die Samenwie auch die Keimpflanzenpopula-tion ging 1972 zurück nachdem das Aussamen verhindert wurde, nahm aher in jedem Fall wieder zu, wenn die Pflanzen aussamen konnten. Die siärkste Zunahme trat dann ein, wenn die nicht abgebrannte Stoppel nach der Emte bear-beitet wurde; nach Stoppelabbrennen war sie geringer. Die grössle Ahnahme frisch ausgefaltener Samen trat dann ein, wenn man die Stoppel den ganzen Herbst unbearbeiter liess und eine spate Bodenbearbeitung war im Hinblick auf die Zunahme an Flughafer wirkungsvoller als das Abbrennen.Alte Samen, die berelts vor 1972 im Bodden waren. zeigten eine geringere Keimhemmung und produzierten 1973 mehr Keimpflanzen als Samen die erst 1972 ausfielen. Die grossten Verluste an den im Boden vorhandenen Samen trat im Fruhjahr auf und wahrscheinlich konnten viele gekeimten Samen als Keimpflanzen nicht ijberteben. Man kann anneh-men. dass der Samenvorrat von A. fatua im Boden kurzlebiger ist als fruher angenommen wurde, besonders dort, wo Pfliigen durch Grubbern ersetzt wurde. Die Regelmassigkeit des Flughaferauflaufs im Friihjahr war unbeeinflusst vom Zeitpunkt und Art der Bodenbearbeitung, vom Alter der Samen oder vom Abbrennen des Strohs im vorausgegan-gcnen Herhst.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Weed research 37 (1997), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1365-3180
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Horizontal movement of seeds by different cultivators was investigated in three experiments. Seeds of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), field bean (Vicia faba L.) and oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.) were positioned on the soil surface or buried 0.1 m deep prior to cultivation, Seed movement was assessed by counting germinated seedlings. The type of tine implement used significantly affected mean seed movement, with surface-sown seeds being moved significantly further than buried seeds. Primary cultivation with flexi- or spring-tine machines moved seeds further than straight-tine or power harrow implements. However, there was no overall difference between plough and flexi-tine mean seed movement. A single pass with a tine attached to a seed drili moved seeds less than the two passes with tine plus seed drill, but the first pass had the greatest effect. Small oilseed rape seeds moved significantly further than larger barley or field bean seeds. More than 84% of seeds moved ≤ 1m from the source: no seeds were observed〉4.8m in a forward direction or 〉0.2m backwards from the source, In a fourth experiment, plots containing seeds of Sinapis arvensis L. were cultivated in alternate directions in successive years, The results broadly validated the findings of the previous experiments Quantifying the horizontal movement of weed seeds is important to the understanding of the spatial dynamics of weed patches and thus in the prediction of future weed distributions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Weed research 7 (1967), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1365-3180
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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