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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Acta neurochirurgica 24 (1971), S. 1-10 
    ISSN: 0942-0940
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary A technique was devised whereby the arterially induced pulsations, in range of intracerebral interfaces that can be detected ultrasonically through the intact skull, could be written out as an analogous wave form. The Rise Times and Delay Times of these range pulsations were measured in patients with cerebrovascular disease or cerebral tumours to determine whether they differed significantly from the normal. In healthy people the Rise Times varied from 30 to 180 milliseconds and the Delay Times from 95 to 250 milliseconds. These wide limits were not surpassed in the diseases stated, nor did averaging of the results from several interfaces in each hemisphere show any significant difference from the normal. One reason for the wide variation in the shape of the recorded waves (which is reflected in the scatter of Rise Times and Delay Times) is that the pulse wave varies in shape and speed of propagation as it spreads peripherally. Any single interface may thus move as a result of different movements of a number of neighbouring domains, each of which may be slightly out of phase with the others. A second reason is that a single interface is recorded on the oscilloscope as a burst of cycles of about 2 microseconds duration. This represents 1.6 millimetres in range. Echoes returning from interfaces separated by less than 1.6 millimetres in range will therefore result in interference of cycles. The recorded movement of any one cycle may therefore represent, to a varying and unknown degree, the movement of more than one interface. It is concluded that, using ultrasonic methods, the detailed study of the individual waveforms written out by the arterially induced movement of intracerebral interfaces is not useful as a diagnostic test.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1520-4804
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
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    Canberra : Periodicals Archive Online (PAO)
    Quarterly review of the rural economy. 4:1 Supplement (1982:Feb.) 36 
    ISSN: 0156-7446
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Economics
    Description / Table of Contents: KEYNOTE ADDRESSES
    Abstract: Closing session addresses
    Notes: Papers presented to the NATIONAL AGRICULTURAL OUTLOOK CONFERENCE 26-28 January 1982. Canberra Theatre
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Archives of environmental contamination and toxicology 39 (2000), S. 221-232 
    ISSN: 1432-0703
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Sediment ingestion has been identified as an important exposure route for toxicants in waterfowl. The toxicity of lead-contaminated sediment from the Coeur d'Alene River Basin (CDARB) in Idaho was examined on posthatching development of mallard (Anas platyrhynchos) ducklings for 6 weeks. Day-old ducklings received either untreated control diet, clean sediment (24%) supplemented control diet, CDARB sediment (3,449 μg/g lead) supplemented diets at 12% or 24%, or a positive control diet containing lead acetate equivalent to that found in 24% CDARB. The 12% CDARB diet resulted in a geometric mean blood lead concentration of 1.41 ppm (WW) with over 90% depression of red blood cell ALAD activity and over threefold elevation of free erythrocyte protoporphyrin concentration. The 24% CDARB diet resulted in blood lead of 2.56 ppm with over sixfold elevation of protoporphyrin and lower brain weight. In this group the liver lead concentration was 7.92 ppm (WW), and there was a 40% increase in hepatic reduced glutathione concentration. The kidney lead concentration in this group was 7.97 ppm, and acid-fast inclusion bodies were present in the kidneys of four of nine ducklings. The lead acetate positive control group was more adversely affected in most respects than the 24% CDARB group. With a less optimal diet (mixture of two thirds corn and one third standard diet), CDARB sediment was more toxic; blood lead levels were higher, body growth and liver biochemistry (TBARS) were more affected, and prevalence of acid-fast inclusion bodies increased. Lead from CDARB sediment accumulated more readily in duckling blood and liver than reported in goslings, but at given concentrations was generally less toxic to ducklings. Many of these effects are similar to ones reported in wild mallards and geese within the CDARB.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    ISSN: 1572-9672
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract The gravitation and celestial mechanics investigations during the cruise phase and Orbiter phase of the Galileo mission depend on Doppler and ranging measurements generated by the Deep Space Network (DSN) at its three spacecraft tracking sites in California, Australia, and Spain. Other investigations which also rely on DSN data, and which like ours fall under the general discipline of spacecraft radio science, are described in a companion paper by Howard et al. (1992). We group our investigations into four broad categories as follows: (1) the determination of the gravity fields of Jupiter and its four major satellites during the orbital tour, (2) a search for gravitational radiation as evidenced by perturbations to the coherent Doppler link between the spacecraft and Earth, (3) the mathematical modeling, and by implication tests, of general relativistic effects on the Doppler and ranging data during both cruise and orbiter phases, and (4) an improvement in the ephemeris of Jupiter by means of spacecraft ranging during the Orbiter phase. The gravity fields are accessible because of their effects on the spacecraft motion, determined primarily from the Doppler data. For the Galilean satellites we will determine second degree and order gravity harmonics that will yield new information on the central condensation and likely composition of material within these giant satellites (Hubbard and Anderson, 1978). The search for gravitational radiation is being conducted in cruise for periods of 40 days centered around solar opposition. During these times the radio link is least affected by scintillations introduced by solar plasma. Our sensitivity to the amplitude of sinusoidal signals approaches 10-15 in a band of gravitational frequencies between 10-4 and 10-3 Hz, by far the best sensitivity obtained in this band to date. In addition to the primary objectives of our investigations, we discuss two secondary objectives: the determination of a range fix on Venus during the flyby on 10 February, 1990, and the determination of the Earth's mass (GM) from the two Earth gravity assists, EGA1 in December 1990 and EGA2 in December 1992.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Medical & biological engineering & computing 7 (1969), S. 103-104 
    ISSN: 1741-0444
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Medical & biological engineering & computing 9 (1971), S. 263-287 
    ISSN: 1741-0444
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Sommaire Les légers mouvements du transducteur ultrasonique par rapport à la tête résultant en des variations importantes de la forme et de l'intensité de l'énergie ultrasonique dans la tête, il est essentiel que toute technique ultrasonique qui enregistre des variations d'amplitude d'une interface intra-cranienne individuelle doit incorporer un dispositif de retenue du transducteur qui fixe le transducteur solidement au crâne. Il est évident qu'une fixation aussi rigide du transducteur est également importante si la portée de l'interface par rapport au transducteur doit être mesurée. On décrit un tel dispositif qui a été satisfaisant en pratique. On décrit également un appareillage d'enregistrement qui pourra détecter des variations d'amplitude et de portée d'échos séparés dans chacune de deux entrées. Les deux échos séparés peuvent être reçus par le même ou par des transducteurs séparés. En même temps, la portée entre les deux transducteurs peut être continuellement enregistrée afin d'assurer qu'aucun changement de portée des transducteurs par rapport l'un à l'autre ne soit pas détecté. Des moniteurs visuels avec bases de temps expansées présentent à tout instant le signal qui est à chaque entrée. De cette façon l'observateur peut s'assurer que l'amplitude et le mouvement ne soient enregistrés que des cycles d'échos d'amplitude adequate et que la forme sinusoïdale de ces cycles et de leurs voisins demeurent inchangés; ceci protège contre les variations de portée et d'amplitude provenant d'interférence variable des cycles d'écho étant enregistrés. L'enregistrement simultané de variations de portée avec l'amplitude, fournit une protection supplémentaire importante contre une partie du signal étant enregistré se déplaçant en-dehors de l'entrée, car un tel mouvement est reconnaissable dans le mouvement enregistré par des changements qui sont caractéristiques, et qui précèdent tous changements d'amplitude enregistrés, quelque soit le sens dans lequel le signal bouge par rapport à l'entrée. On décrit les restrictions dans l'interprétation des enregistrements de variations d'amplitude et de portée faites par cet appareillage. Des variations d'amplitude d'échos intracraniens semblent être influencés par tant de facteurs variables et imprévisibles affectant l'impulsion d'insonation et l'écho réfléchi qu'ils n'ont aucune utilité évidente en médecine clinicale. Des fluctuations dans la portée de diverses interfaces intracraniennes dues au passage du pouls cardiaque par l'arbre artériel cérébral sont sous l'influence de tant de forces environnantes, qu'elles varient beaucoup d'une interface à une autre, de sorte que leur étude est sans gratification. Les changements de portée qui résultent d'autres évènements physiologiques peuvent être plus informatifs ainsi que peut l'être l'étude du sens du mouvement d'interfaces cérébrales dans des conditions variables.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Da leichte Bewegungen der Ultraschallumwandler in Bezug auf den Kopf merkliche Veränderungen in der Art und Stärke der Ultraschallenergie innerhalb des Kopfes verursachen, ist es erforderlich, dass jede Ultraschalltechnik, welche Änderungen in der Amplitude einer individuellen intrakraniellen Zwischenfläche verzeichnet, eine Haltevorrichtung für den Umwandler enthalten muss, welche den Umwandler fest in Bezug auf den Schädel hält. Es ist klar, dass solche Befestigung des Umwandlers ebenso wichtig ist, wenn die Lage der Zwischenschicht in Bezug auf den Umwandler gemessen werden soll. Eine solche Vorrichtung, die sich in der Praxis als zufriedenstellend gezeigt hat, wird beschrieben. Es wird auch ein Aufzeichnungsgerät beschrieben, das Änderungen in Amplitude und Bereich vonz wei separaten Echos innerhalb von je zwei Pforten aufspürt. Die zwei separaten Echos können von demselben oder separaten Umwandlern aufgenommen werden. Gleichzeitig kann die Lage zwischen den zwei Umwandlern laufend für den Versuch aufgezeichnet werden, sicher zu sein, dass kein Wechsel in der Lage der Umwandler relativ zueinander unbeobachtet bleiben wird. Aufzeichnungsmonitoren mit ausgebreiteter Abtastperiode weisen jederzeit das Signal auf, das in jeder Pforte ist. Auf diese Weise kann der Beobachter sicher gehen, dass Amplitude und Bewegung nur von Echoperioden mit ausreichender Amplitude aufgezeichnet werden, und dass die sinusförmige Form dieser Perioden und der benachbarten unverändert bleiben. Dies schützt gegen Änderungen im Bereich und der Amplitude, als Ursache von veränderlicher Interferenz während der Aufzeichnung der Echoperioden. Die gleichzeitige Aufzeichnung von Lageänderungen mit Amplitude ergibt einen wichtigen zusätzlichen Schutz gegen Aufzeichnung eines Teils des Signals, das sich aus der Pforte herausbewegt, da solche Bewegung in der durch Änderungen aufgezeichneten Bewegung erkenntlich ist, welche charakteristisch sind und welche allen Änderungen in aufgezeichneten Amplituden vorangehen ganz gleich, in welcher Richtung das Signal sich in, Bezug auf die Pforte bewegt. Es werden Beschränkungen in der Ausdeutung der Aufzeichnungen der Änderungen in Amplitude und Lage beschrieben, welche dieses Gerät produziert. Amplitudenänderungen von intrakraniellen Echos werden anscheinend von so vielen unvoraussagbaren und veränderlichen Faktoren beeinflusst, welche den schlagenden Puls und das zurückkommende Echo beeinflussen, dass sie keinen offenbaren Nutzen in klinischer Medizin haben. Schwankungen in der Lage verschiedener intrakranieller Zwischenschichten sind durch den Durchgang des Herzpulses durch den zerebalen Arterienbaum unter dem Einfluss so vieler umgebender Kräfte, dass sie erheblich von einer Zwischenschicht zur anderen abweichen, sodass es sich nicht lohnt, sie zu untersuchen. Die Lageänderungen, welche die Ursache anderer physiologischer Vorgänge sind, können aufschlussreicher sein und ebenfalls die Untersuchung der Bewegungsrichtung zerebraler Zwischenschichten unter veränderlichen Bedingungen.
    Notes: Abstract Since slight movements of the ultrasonic transducer relative to the head result in marked variations in the pattern and intensity of the ultrasonic energy within the head, it is essential that any ultrasonic technique that records variations in amplitude from one individual intracranial interface must incorporate a transducer holding device that fixes the tranducer rigidly with respect to the skull. It is obvious that such rigid fixation of the transducer is equally important if the range of the interface from the transducer is to be measured. Such a device, that has been found satisfactory in practice, is described. Recording equipment is also described that will sense variations in amplitude and range of separate echoes within each of two gates. The two separate echoes may be received by the same or separate transducers. At the same time the range between the two transducers can be continuously recorded in an attempt to ensure that no change in range of the transducers relative to each other will remain undetected. Visual monitors, with expanded time bases, display at all times the signal that is within each gate. In this way the observer can ensure that amplitude and motion is only recorded from echo cycles of adequate amplitude and that the sinusoidal shape of these cycles and their neighbours remains unchanged; this safeguards against variations in range, and amplitude resulting from varying interference of the echo cycles being recorded. The simultaneous recording of range variations with amplitude provides an important additional safeguard against part of the signal being recorded moving outside the gate, since such movement is recognizable in the motion recorded by changes which are characteristic and which precede any changes in amplitude recorded in whichever direction the signal moves with respect to the gate. Restrictions in the interpretation of the recordings of variations in amplitude and range made by this equipment, are described. Variations in the amplitude of intracranial echoes appear to be influenced by so many unpredictable and varying factors affecting the insonating pulse and the returning echo that they have no obvious use in clinical medicine. Fluctuations in the range of various intracranial interfaces due to the passage of the cardiac pulse through the cerebral arterial tree are under the influence of so many surrounding forces that they vary greatly from one interface to another, so that their study is unrewarding. The range changes that result from other physiological events may be more informative and so may the study of the direction of the movement of cerebral interfaces under varying conditions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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