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  • 1
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Effects of waterlogging and drought on winter wheat and winter barley grown on a clay and a sandy loam soil (1984)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 80 (1984), S. 53-66 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Schlagwort(e): Clay ; Drought ; Sandy loam ; Waterlogging ; Winter barley ; Winter wheat ; Yield
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Summary The effects of winter waterlogging and a subsequent drought on the growth of winter barley and winter wheat have been examined. We used lysimeters containing soil monoliths with facilities to control the water table and a mobile shelter to control rainfall. Winter wheat was grown on a clay and on a sandy loam, but winter barley only on the clay soil. Lysimeters were either freely-drained during the winter or waterlogged with the water table 10 cm below the soil surface from 2 December until 31 March (that could occur by rainfall with a return period of 2 to 3 years). The lysimeters then were either irrigated so that the soil moisture deficit did not exceed 84 mm, or subjected to drought by limiting rainfall (equivalent to a 1 in 10 dry year in the driest area of England) so that the deficits reached maximum values of 150 mm in the clay and 159 mm in the sandy loam by harvest. Winter waterlogging restricted tillering and restricted the number of ears for all crops; grain yield of the winter barley was decreased by 219 g/m2 (30%), and that of winter wheat by 170 g/m2 (24%) and 153 g/m2 (21% on the clay and sandy loam respectively. The drought treatment reduced the straw weight of winter barley by 75 g/m2 (12%) but did not significantly depress the grain yield. For winter wheat on the clay, where the soil was freely-drained during the winter, drought depressed total shoot weight by 344 g/m2 (17%) and grain weight by 137 g/m2 (17%), but after winter waterlogging, drought did not further depress total or grain weight. In contrast, the winter wheat on the sandy loam was not significantly affected by drought. From these results, which are discussed in relation to other experiments in the United Kingdom, it seems that winter waterlogging is likely to cause more variation in the yield of winter barley and winter wheat than drought.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02232939
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  • 2
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Effects of waterlogging and drought on winter wheat and winter barley grown on a clay and sandy loam soil (1984)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 80 (1984), S. 67-78 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Schlagwort(e): Clay ; Drought ; Leaf water potential ; Sandy loam ; Stomatal conductance ; Waterlogging ; Water extraction ; Winter barley ; Winter wheat
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Summary The effects were investigated of waterlogging and drought on winter wheat and winter barley growing in a clay soil, and winter wheat growing in a sandy loam. The crops were grown in lysimeters that were waterlogged or freely-drained between December and March, and then irrigated or subjected to drought from April to harvest. On the clay soil drought restricted water use and dry matter production by wheat and by barley. The effect on water use was proportionately greater than on dry matter production. On the sandy loam drought decreased water use by wheat, but had only a small, non-significant, effect on dry matter production. Measurements made with a neutron probe in lysimeters that had been subjected to drought showed that the maximum amount of water that winter wheat could extract from the clay soil was 150 mm, and from the sandy loam was 170 mm. Winter barley could extract 114 mm from the clay soil. On both soils transpiration by wheat and barley was restricted when about three quarters of the available soil water had been extracted. Drought decreased leaf water potential and stomatal conductance. Waterlogging in the winter decreased dry matter production and water use in the summer, but not by causing plant water stress in the summer. Plants that had been waterlogged had higher leaf water potentials and stomatal conductances in the summer, and dry matter production was decreased more than water use. There was no evidence that waterlogging in the winter made the drop more vulnerable to drought in the summer.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02232940
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  • 3
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    A comparison of methods, including angled and vertical minirhizotrons, for studying root growth and distribution in a spring oat crop (1983)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 73 (1983), S. 435-440 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Schlagwort(e): Cereals ; Minirhizotrons ; Oats ; Root distribution ; Root growth ; Root study methods ; Field crops
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Summary Four methods of measuring root distribution in a spring oat crop were compared: minirhizotrons installed vertically, minirhizotrons installed at an angle of 45°, core-break root counts and direct measurement of lengths of root washed from soil cores. Minirhizotrons gave better estimates of root distribution where installed at 45° rather than vertically and could be used in the horizon between 30 cm below the soil surface and the maximum depth of rooting. We confirmed that relative root distribution at a particular growth stage can be assessed from counts of the number of roots crossing horizontal faces in core segments.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02184322
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  • 4
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Crop uptake and leaching losses of15N labelled fertilizer nitrogen in relation to waterlogging of clay and sandy loam soils (1986)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 92 (1986), S. 89-101 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Schlagwort(e): Arable crops ; Clay ; Denitrification ; Drainage ; Leaching ; Lysimeter ; 15N nitrogen ; Sandy loam ; Waterlogging
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Summary Ammonium nitrate fertilizer, labelled with15N, was applied in spring to winter wheat growing in undisturbed monoliths of clay and sandy loam soil in lysimeters; the rates of application were respectively 95 and 102 kg N ha−1 in the spring of 1976 and 1975. Crops of winter wheat, oilseed rape, peas and barley grown in the following 5 or 6 years were treated with unlabelled nitrogen fertilizer at rates recommended for maximum yields. During each year of the experiments the lysimeters were divided into treatments which were either freelydrained or subjected to periods of waterlogging. Another labelled nitrogen application was made in 1980 to a separate group of lysimeters with a clay soil and a winter wheat crop to study further the uptake of nitrogen fertilizer in relation to waterlogging. In the first growing season, shoots of the winter wheat at harvest contained 46 and 58% of the fertilizer nitrogen applied to the clay and sandy loam soils respectively. In the following year the crops contained a further 1–2% of the labelled fertilizer, and after 5 and 6 years the total recoveries of labelled fertilizer in the crops were 49 and 62% on the clay and sandy loam soils respectively. In the first winter after the labelled fertilizer was applied, less than 1% of the fertilizer was lost in the drainage water, and only about 2% of the total nitrogen (mainly nitrate) in the drainage water from both soils was derived from the fertilizer. Maximum annual loss occurred the following year but the proportion of tracer nitrogen in drainage was nevertheless smaller. Leaching losses over the 5 and 6 years from the clay and sandy loam soil were respectively 1.3 and 3.9% of the original application. On both soils the percentage of labelled nitrogen to the total crop nitrogen content was greater after a period of winter waterlogging than for freely-drained treatments. This was most marked on the clay soil; evidence points to winter waterlogging promoting denitrification and the consequent loss of soil nitrogen making the crop more dependent on spring fertilizer applications.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02372270
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  • 5
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Effects of waterlogging on soil aeration and on root and shoot growth and yield of winter oats (Avena sativa L.) (1985)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 85 (1985), S. 361-373 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Schlagwort(e): Oxygen flux density ; Root growth ; Sandy loam ; Waterlogging ; Winter oats ; Yield
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Summary Winter oats were grown outdoors in lysimeters containing monoliths of a sandy loam soil. The soil was either freely-drained throughout the experiment or waterlogged to the soil surface from mid-January until mid-April. After the start of waterlogging the oxygen flux density decreased most rapidly nearer the soil surface and in the upper 50 cm declined to zero. At 80 cm depth the oxygen flux density at the end of the waterlogging still had not diminished to zero. While the soil was waterlogged root growth was negligible in the 20–50 cm zone of the soil profile, whereas below that depth root growth continued, reaching 95 cm by the end of the treatment. During the latter part of the waterlogging period root growth resumed in the upper 10 cm, and in the upper 2.5 cm was greater than in the freelydrained treatment. At the end of the waterlogging period, the total root length and shoot dry weights were 77 and 60% of those in the freely-drained treatment, tillering was restricted and leaf area index diminished. However, by anthesis, root length and shoot weights of the plants that had been waterlogged were only 10 and 12% less respectively than for the freely-drained plants. At harvest, total dry matter and grain yields were only 9% less, the latter largely through fewer grains per panicle.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02220191
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