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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    SOLID-LIQUID PHASE EQUILIBRIA IN MULTICOMPONENT AQUEOUS SUGAR SOLUTIONS (1971)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of food science 36 (1971), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1750-3841
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: SUMMARY A survey is made of the problem of predicting and correlating phase diagrams for multicomponent aqueous sugar solutions, starting from experimental data for aqueous solutions of single sugars. An evaluation of existing observations indicates that equilibrium cooling of quaternary solutions of d-fructose, d-glucose, sucrose and water will form a succession of four distinct solid phases. In an equilibrium situation each of these solid phases would begin to appear at the temperature where the residual liquid becomes saturated in that component. Ultimately a quaternary eutectic liquid of invariant and uniquely determined composition would remain and solidify at a unique temperature. This aquilibrium behavior represents the limit for actual situations where delayed crystallization can hamper attainment of equilibrium. A method is presented for predicting solid-liquid equilibrium in multicomponent systems, notably fruit juices, through the use of ideal-solution concepts for defining the order and extent to which solid phases appear and through the use of observed activity coefficients for obtaining the relationship between temperature and wt-% dissolved solids. The method is illustrated in terms of the limiting thermodynamic equilibrium freezing behavior of fruit juices and predictions are compared with experimental data for fruit juices.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2621.1971.tb15165.x
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Drug permeation through human skin: Theory and invitro experimental measurement (1975)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 21 (1975), S. 985-996 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The penetration of drugs and other micromolecules through intact human skin can be regarded as a process of dissolution and molecular diffusion through a composite, multilayer membrane, whose principal barrier to transport is localized within the stratum corneum. A mathematical model of the stratum corneum as a two-phase protein-lipid heterogeneous membrane (in which the lipid phase is continuous) correlates the permeability of the membrane to a specific penetrant with the water solubility of the penetrant and with its lipid-protein partition coefficient.Experimentally measured permeabilities of human skin to a variety of drugs have been found to conform to this model. The extraordinarily low permeability of skin to most micromolecules appears to arise from the very low diffusivity of such molecules in the intercellular lipid phase.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690210522
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Multicomponent diffusion and vapor-liquid equilibria of dilute organic components in aqueous sugar solutions (1972)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 18 (1972), S. 513-520 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A technique for direct measurement of the differential diffusion coefficients in a ternary system of water, sugar, and a dilute organic species is described. The individual sugars were d-fructose, d-glucose, and sucrose; and ethyl alcohol, ethyl acetate, n-butyl acetate, and n-hexanal individually constituted the dilute organic species. The four ternary diffusivities were obtained over a range of sugar concentrations by the use of horizontal diaphragm cells, a differential interferometer, a flame-ionization gas-liquid chromatograph and postulation of the validity of the Onsager reciprocal relations. The equilibrium partial pressures of the dilute organic species over these solutions have also been measured, using a vapor head space chromatographic technique.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690180309
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Scopolamine permation through human skin in vitro (1976)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 22 (1976), S. 828-832 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The sorption and rate of permeation of scopolamine base in human skin have been measured as a function of drug concentration in aqueous solution contacting the stratum corneum surface of the skin. The sorption isotherm is nonlinear, and the apparent penetrant diffusivity computed from steady state permeation data is greater than that estimated from unsteady state (time lag) measurements.By assuming that sorption occurs by both ordinary dissolution and binding of penetrant to immobile sites in the membrane, the experimental sorption isotherm can be predicted, and the disparity between steady state and time lag diffusivities can be reconciled.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690220503
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of dimethyl sulfoxide on drug permeation through human skin (1977)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 23 (1977), S. 810-816 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The effect of the presence of dimethyl sulfoxide (in admixture with water) on the sorption and permeation rate of scopolamine base in human skin in vitro has been measured as a function of drug concentration in aqueous solution. The equilibrium sorption of scopolamine by skin from solution appears to be unaffected by the presence of even high concentrations of dimethyl sulfoxide in the solution phase. In the absence of a transdermal gradient of DMSO (or water), the permeability of skin to scopolamine in the presence of DMSO is about twofold higher than in its absence, suggesting that the diffusivity of scopolamine in the stratum corneum is somewhat elevated by the solvating action of DMSO.When, however, a gradient of DMSO concentration is impressed across the skin (irrespective of whether that gradient is of the same or opposite sign to that of the drug), the permeability of the skin to scopolamine is increased by one to two orders of magnitude. Microscopic examination of the skin subjected to such treatment reveals marked swelling, distortion, and intercellular delamination of the stratum corneum, which is only partially reversible following complete extraction with water. These effects are believed due to development of very high osmotic stresses produced within the stratum corneum, as both water and DMSO are transported into the tissue.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690230606
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Application of the ‘dual sorption’ model to drug transport through skin (1980)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 20 (1980), S. 36-39 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The dual sorption theory has been extended to the transport of drug molecules through human skin in vitro. By assuming that sorption of drug molecules occurs by both dissolution and binding of drug to immobile sites in the skin, the experimental sorption isotherm can be predicted, and the disparity between steady state and time lag diffusivities can be reconciled. Furthermore, the dual sorption model has been used to develop techniques for controlling these sorption transport processes in order to rapidly achieve predictable transdermal drug delivery in vivo.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760200107
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