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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Diabetologia 10 (1974), S. 491-491 
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Diabetologia 10 (1974), S. 555-558 
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Spontaneous diabetes ; streptozotocin ; ribosomes ; hepatic and renal protein synthesis Chinese hamsters ; postmitochondrial supernatant ; polyuridylic acid-dependent polyphenylalanine synthesis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Two aspects of protein synthesis were studiedin vitro in tissue extracts prepared from normal, diabetic and ketotic Chinese hamsters. Firstly, the activity to support polyuridylic acid (poly U)-dependent polyphenylalanine synthesis from14C-phenylalaninet RNA was measured in the liver ribosomes and no significant difference was observed between diabetic hamsters (0.310±0.007 nCi/min/mg ribosomal proteins) and their controls (0.325±0.015), or between ketotic hamsters (0.256±0.013) and their controls (0.274±0.018). Secondly, activity in protein synthesis with endogenous mRNA's was followed in the postmitochondrial supernatant (PMS) fraction after the removal of endogenous amino acid pools by gel filtration. The rate of amino acid incorporation was measured in both liver and kidney extracts with14C-leucine, lysine, serine, or glycine as labels. The initial rates of incorporations in the diabetic liver PMS (Leu = 8.01±1.64 pmole/min/mg protein;Lys = 2.90±0.56;Ser = 3.40±0.60;Gly = 3.34±0.66), and in the ketotic PMS (Leu = 8.48±2.06;Lys = 3.49±0.82;Ser = 4.11±0.80;Gly = 3.73 ±0.81) were similar to those in the matched controls (Leu = 8.60±1.06;Lys = 3.14±0.37;Ser = 3.70±0.54;Gly = 3.38 ±0.37). Likewise, the amino acid incorporations in the diabetic kidney PMS (Leu = 4.38 + 1.09;Lys = 1.26±0.28;Ser = 1.98±0.29;Gly = 1.81±0.32), and in the ketotic kidney PMS (Leu = 5.39±1.29;Lys = 1.79±0.4;Ser = 1.9±0.18;Gly = 1.97±0.15) were not significantly different from those in the normals (Leu = 5.32±0.56;Lys = 1.60±0.19;Ser = 2.06±0.22;Gly = 2.02±0.18). It is concluded that the diabetic and ketotic Chinese hamsters retain normal activity in the reported two aspects of protein synthesis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Toronto-KK mouse ; diabetes in animals ; gluconeogenesis ; insulin synthesis and secretion ; islets of Langerhans ; obesity ; gluconeogenic enzymes ; glycolytic enzymes ; B-cell degranulation ; islet RNA synthesis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The activities of six hepatic enzymes were assayed in six-month old Toronto-KK and C57BL/6J mice. Activities of hepatic gluconeogenic enzymes (phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase, glucose-6-phosphatase, fructose-1,6-diphosphatase) were significantly elevated in Toronto-KK mice while activities of glycolytic enzymes (glucokinase, hexokinase, pyruvate kinase) remained normal. Isolated islets of Langerhans obtained from Toronto-KK mice demonstrated significantly elevated levels of insulin secretion and of insulin and RNA biosynthesis in response to glucose stimulation. Islets of Toronto-KK mice were markedly hyperplastic and showed pronounced B-cell degranulation after stimulation with glucose. The data suggest that hyperglycemia appears to result, in part, from excessive gluconeogenesis. Hyperinsulinemia appears to result from excessive insulin synthesis and release from the pancreatic islets in response to glucose stimulation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Diabetologia 6 (1970), S. 180-185 
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Diabetes in animals ; chinese hamster ; ericetulus griseus ; islets of Langerhans ; insulin ; liver enzymes ; liver in diabetes ; gluconeogenesis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Les îlots de Langerhans isolés, provenant de hamsters chinois diabétiques, présentent un contenu du pancréas diminué en insuline, une sécrétion abaissée d'insuline et une incorporation plus lente de14C-leucine dans la fraction insulinique que les animaux témoins. Le poids du foie de ces animaux est plus élevé et contient des taux normaux de glycogène ainsi que des protéines solubles et microsomales. On a étudiéin vitro les activités de 8 enzymes hépatiques chez trois groupes d'âge de ces animaux. Le foie des hamsters diabétiques montre une activité augmentée de la phosphoénolepyruvate carboxy-kinase ainsi qu'une élévation de la glucose-6-phosphatase chez les animaux diabétiques âgés de 3 mois. L'étude des activités de la fructose-1,6-diphosphatase, de la gluco-kinase, de l'hexokinase, de la pyruvate-kinase, de la 6-phosphogluconate déhydrogénase et de la lactate déhydrogénase dans le foie n'a pas révélé de modifications significatives chez le hamster diabétique non-cétosique, dont, cependant, l'incorporation du pyruvate-2-14C dans le glucose sanguin s'effectue beaucoup plus rapidement. Chez le hamster cétosique, les activités des enzymes de la glycolyse et du cycle des pentoses sont abaissées, alors que celle de la gluconéogénèse est augmentée. Il semble qu'il existe aussi une petite différence dans l'activité de ces enzymes entre les animaux provenant de parents cétosiques et les animaux témoins.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Aus dem Pankreas diabetiseher chinesischer Hamster isolierte Langerhans'sche Inseln enthielten und sezernierten weniger Insulin und inkorporierten weniger Leucin-14C in eine dem Insulin entsprechende Trennungsfraktion als die Kontrolltiere. Die Lebern dieser diabetischen Tiere waren schwerer als diejenigen von Kontrolltieren, enthielten aber pro Gewichtseinheit normale Mengen von Glykogen, löslichen und mikrosomialen Proteinen. In von chinesischen Hamstern dreier Altersgruppen gewonnenen Leberextrakten wurden 8 für den Glukosestoffwechsel wichtige Enzyme quantitativ bestimmt. Bei diabetischen Tieren war die Aktivität der Phosphoenolpyruvatkarboxykinase und der Glucose-6-Phosphatase erhöht. Bei nicht ketotischen diabetischen Hamstern waren die Aktivitäten der Fructose-1,6-Diphosphatase, der Glucokinase, der Hexokinase, der Pyruvatkinase, der 6-Phosphogluconat-Dehydrogenase und der Lactat-Dehydrogenase gegenüber der Norm nicht verändert. Trotzdem inkorporierten diese Tiere signifikant mehr Pyruvat-2-14C in Blutglukose als Normaltiere. Bei ketotisch diabetischen Hamstern waren die Aktivitäten der Enzyme der Glucolyse und des Pentose-Shunts vermindert und diejenigen der Enzyme der gluconeogenetischen Kette erhöht. Qualitativ ähnliche aber quantitativ weniger ausgeprägte Unterschiede wurden zwischen noch nicht diabetischen Nachkommen ketotisch-diabetischer Eltern und deren gleichaltrigen Kontrollen gefunden.
    Notes: Summary The islets of Langerhans isolated from diabetic chinese hamsters had low insulin content, secreted less insulin and incorporated leucine-14C into the insulin fraction at a slower rate than the controls. Livers of these animals were heavier and contained normal levels of glycogen, and of soluble and microsomal proteins. The activities of eight hepatic enzymes were assayedin vitro in three age groups of animals. The diabetic hamster livers showed higher activity in phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase, and an elevation in glucose-6-phosphatase was also observed in the three month old diabetic animals. Studies on hepatic fructose-1,6-diphosphatase, glucokinase, hexokinase, pyruvate kinase, 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase and lactate dehydrogenase activities showed no significant change in the non-ketotic, diabetic hamsters, which, however, incorporated pyruvate-2-14C into blood glucose at a much faster rate. The ketotic hamsters had low activity of glycolytic and pentose phosphate shunt enzymes and high gluconeogenic enzyme activity. There also appeared to be a slight difference in the activity of these enzymes between offsprings of ketotic parents and their controls.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: It is now well confirmed that the influence of temperature on the fall-off behavior of dissociation, recombination and chemically-activated reactions can be dramatic. For single-well, single-product dissociation reactions, it is customary to approximate these fall-off surfaces using extensions of Lindemann's empirical expression. We consider here chemical-activation and dissociation reactions possessing multiple wells and multiple products. We show that direct approximation of the rate coefficients via Chebyshev expansions yields reliable and accurate representations of their pressure and temperature dependences, which are superior to those from a Lidemann approach to fit the form factor representing the fall-off surface. The superiority of the method is demonstrated in a study of seven channels corresponding to four different reactions important in combustion chemistry over the ranges 300-3,000 K and 0.02-200 atm.
    Additional Material: 4 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal of Chemical Kinetics 23 (1991), S. 173-196 
    ISSN: 0538-8066
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Physical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The reactions of NH(X3Σ-) with NO, O2, and O have been studied in reflected and incident shock wave experiments. The source of NH in all the experiments was the thermal dissociation of isocyanic acid, HNCO. Time-histories of the NH(X3Σ) and OH(X2Π) radicals were measured behind the shock waves using cw, narrow-linewidth laser absorption at 336 nm and 307 nm, respectively. The second-order rate coefficients of the reactions: were determined to be: \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$$ k_{\rm 3} \, = \,1.7 \times 10^{14} \exp (- 6400/{\rm T,K)}\,\,\,\,\,\,{\rm (}f\, = \,0.65,{\rm F}\,{\rm =}\,{\rm 1}{\rm .5)}\,\,\,\,\,\,{\rm T}\,{\rm =}\,{\rm 2220 - 3350\, K,} $$\end{document} \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$$ k_{\rm 4} \, = \,3.5 \times 10^{13} \exp (- 6800/{\rm T,K)}\,\,\,\,\,\,{\rm (}f\, = \,0.65,{\rm F}\,{\rm =}\,{\rm 1}{\rm .5)}\,\,\,\,\,\,{\rm T}\,{\rm =}\,{\rm 2220 - 3370\, K,} $$\end{document} and \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$$ k_{\rm 5} \, = \,9.2 \times 10^{13} \,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,{\rm (}f\, = \,0.60,{\rm F}\,{\rm =}\,{\rm 1}{\rm .6)}\,\,\,\,\,\,{\rm T}\,{\rm =}\,{\rm 2730 - 3380\, K,} $$\end{document} cm3 mol-1 s-1, where ƒ and F define the lower and upper uncertainty limits, respectively.The branching fraction of channel defined as k3b/k3total, was determined to be 0.19 ± 0.10 over the temperature range of 2940 K to 3040 K.
    Additional Material: 15 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal of Chemical Kinetics 21 (1989), S. 1049-1067 
    ISSN: 0538-8066
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Physical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The high temperature kinetics of NH in the pyrolysis of isocyanic acid (HNCO) have been studied in reflected shock wave experiments. Time histories of the NH(X3Σ-) radical were measured using a cw, narrow-linewidth laser absorption diagnostic at 336 nm. The second-order rate coefficients of the reactions: were determined to be: \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$$k_{1{\rm a}} = 9.84\,\, \times \,\,10^{15} \,\,\exp (- 43000/T,{\rm K})\,\,\,\,\,\,(f = 0.65,F = 1.50)\,\,\,\,\,\,T = 1830 - 3340\,\,{\rm K,}$$\end{document} \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$$k_{\rm 2} = 5.1\,\, \times \,\,10^{13} \,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,(f = 0.7,F = 1.3)\,\,\,\,\,\,T = 2070 - 2730\,\,{\rm K,}$$\end{document} \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$$k_{\rm 3} = 2.65\,\, \times \,\,10^{14} \,\,\,\exp (- 38000/T,{\rm K})\,\,\,\,\,\,(f = 0.5,F = 1.4)\,\,\,\,\,\,T = 3140 - 3320\,\,{\rm K,}$$\end{document} cm3-mol-1-s-1, where f and F define the lower and upper uncertainty limits, respectively. The data for k1a are somewhat better fit by: \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$$k_{{\rm 1a}} = 3.26\,\, \times \,\,10^{35} T^{ - 5.11} \,\,\exp (- 55300/T,{\rm K})\,\,\,{\rm cm}^{\rm 3} {\rm - mol}^{{\rm - 1}} {\rm - s}^{{\rm - 1}} .$$\end{document}
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal of Chemical Kinetics 24 (1992), S. 279-295 
    ISSN: 0538-8066
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Physical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Reactions of atomic oxygen with isocyanic acid (HNCO) have been studied in incident and reflected shock wave experiments using HNCO/N2O/Ar mixtures. Quantitative time-histories of the NH(X3Σ-) and OH(X2Πi) radicals were measured behind the shock waves using cw, narrow-linewidth laser absorption at 336 nm and 307 nm, respectively. The second-order rate coefficients of the reactions: and were determined from early-time NH and OH formation rates, with least-squares two-parameter fits of the results given by: \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$$ \begin{array}{*{20}c} {k_{2a} = 1.9 \times 10^{13} \exp (-7150/T,{\rm K})} & {{\rm (}f = 0.62,{\rm F} = 1.52{\rm)}} & {T = 2120-2500{\rm K}}\end{array} $$\end{document} and \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$$ \begin{array}{*{20}c} {k_{2c} = 1.4 \times 10^{14} \exp (- 10300/T,{\rm K})} & {{\rm (}f = 0.65,{\rm F} = 1.35{\rm)}} & {T = 2120 - 3190{\rm K}},\end{array} $$\end{document} cm3 mol-1 s-1. The minimum and maximum rate constant factors (ƒ,F) define the lower and upper uncertainty limits, respectively.An upper limit on the rate coefficient of was determined to be: \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$$ \begin{array}{*{20}c} {k_3 \le 1.5 \times 10^{12} {\rm cm}^3 {\rm mol}^{- 1} {\rm s}^{- 1},} & {T = 2120 - 2350{\rm K}}\end{array} $$\end{document} .
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal of Chemical Kinetics 29 (1997), S. 161-170 
    ISSN: 0538-8066
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Physical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Heat capacity data between 298 and 1500K are used to derive a reduced set of apparent vibrational frequencies that can be used for estimation of molecular density of states, ρ(E). Estimates for a number of molecule and radical species, using a reduced set of three frequencies with noninteger degeneracies, are shown to compare favorably to direct count methods, which require specification of the complete frequency set. Use of the reduced set of three frequencies leads to significant improvement in calculations of ρ(E)/Q as compared to similar calculations which use only a single geometric- or arithmetic-mean frequency approximation. Since vapor phase heat capacity data of molecules and radicals can be estimated accurately by a group additivity formalism, this approach provides a method to estimate ρ(E) for use in calculations of pressure effects in unimolecular and chemical activation reaction systems. The accuracy of the ρ(E)/Q distributions obtained from heat capacity data makes this a viable method for those cases where the complete frequency distribution is not known. It is especially valuable for those cases where contributions to ρ(E) from internal rotors or low frequency vibrations such as inversions are not well known. This approach is useful for quantum RRK or inverse Laplace transform calculations of k(E) since no assignment of transition state properties is necessary. The reduced frequency set can also be combined with ΔHf(298) and S(298) to provide a compact data set to describe thermodynamic properties at any temperature. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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