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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Physiologia plantarum 89 (1993), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1399-3054
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Electroporation was used for gene delivery and evaluation of various parameters affecting transient expression of a gene for β-glucuronidase (gus) in leaf protoplasts of Oryza sativa var. Basmati-370. Transient expression was found to be dependent on voltage, capacitance, amount of plasmid and carrier DNA as well as period of culture. Maximum GUS activity was obtained when a 150 ms pulse at 300 V cm-1 and 200 μF was applied to the protoplasts (l–2×106ml−1) in an electroporation buffer containing 20 μg of plasmid and 30 μg of calf thymus DNA, assayed 48 h after electroporation. DNA topology did not influence expression of the gene as both linear and supercoiled templates resulted in similar activities, but a 4-fold decrease in expression was observed if the gene was excised, reflecting the positive influence of vector sequences on gene expression.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    ISSN: 0370-2693
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    ISSN: 0370-2693
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1432-2048
    Keywords: Key words: Anther ; Arabidopsis (mutants) ; Development (microspore) ; Male sterility ; Mutant (Arabidopsis ; male sterility) ; Pollen (ultrastructure)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract. Seven new male-sterile mutants (ms7–ms13) of Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh. (ecotype columbia) are described that show a postmeiotic defect of microspore development. In ms9 mutants, microspores recently released from the tetrad appear irregular in shape and are often without exines. The earliest evidence of abnormality in ms12 mutants is degeneration of microspores that lack normal exine sculpturing, suggesting that the MS12 product is important in the formation of pollen exine. Teratomes (abnormally enlarged microsporocytes) are also occasionally present and each has a poorly developed exine. In ms7 mutant plants, the tapetal cytoplasm disintegrates at the late vacuolate microspore stage, apparently causing the degeneration of microspores and pollen grains. With ms8 mutants, the exine of the microspores appears similar to that of the wild type. However, intine development appears impaired and pollen grains rupture prior to maturity. In ms11 mutants, the first detectable abnormality appears at the mid to late vacuolate stage. The absence of fluorescence in the microspores and tapetal cells after staining with 4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) and the occasional presence of teratomes indicate degradation of DNA. Viable pollen from ms10 mutant plants is dehisced from anthers but appears to have surface abnormalities affecting interaction with the stigma. Pollen only germinates in high-humidity conditions or during in-vitro germination experiments. Mutant plants also have bright-green stems, suggesting that ms10 belongs to the eceriferum (cer) class of mutants. However, ms10 and cer6 are non-allelic. The ms13 mutant has a similar phenotype to ms10, suggesting is also an eceriferum mutation. Each of these seven mutants had a greater number of flowers than congenic male-fertile plants. The non-allelic nature of these mutants and their different developmental end-points indicate that seven different genes important for the later stages of pollen development have been identified.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Promoter ; Enhancers ; Monocot ; Electroporation ; Plant transformation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary A recombinant promoter, pEmu, has been constructed to give a high level of gene expression in monocots. It is based on a truncated maize Adh1 promoter, with multiple copies of the Anaerobic Responsive Element from the maize Adh1 gene and ocs-elements from the octopine synthase gene of Agrobacterium tumefaciens. The pEmu promoter was one of 12 different promoter constructs that were linked to the β-glucuronidase (GUS) marker gene. Promoter activity was measured 48 h after introduction of the constructs into protoplasts of five different monocot species [wheat, maize, rice, einkorn (Triticum monococcum), and Lolium multiflorum] and one dicot (Nicotiana plumbaginifolia). In suspension cell protoplasts, the most highly expressing construct (pEmuGN) gave 10- to 50-fold higher expression than the CaMV 35S promoter in all the monocot species. The pEmu promoter should be valuable where a high level of gene expression is required in monocots. The pEmu promoter showed instability in several widely used Escherichia coli strains but was stable in a recA, recD strain AC001, which is described. Another construct, p4OCSΔ35SIGN, gave a tenfold increase in expression over the CaMV 35S promoter in dicot (Nicotiana plumbaginifolia) protoplasts.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    ISSN: 1432-2145
    Keywords: Male-sterile mutants ; Arabidopsis Pollen development ; Microsporogenesis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract We have taken a mutational approach to identify genes important for male fertility in Arabidopsis thaliana and have isolated a number of nuclear male/ sterile mutants in which vegetative growth and female fertility are not altered. Here we describe detailed developmental analyses of four mutants, each of which defines a complementation group and has a distinct developmental end point. All four mutants represent premeiotic developmental lesions. In ms3, tapetum and middle layer hypertrophy result in the degeneration of microsporocytes. In ms4, microspore dyads persist for most of anther development as a result of impaired meiotic division. In ms5, degeneration occurs in all anther cells at an early stage of development. In ms15, both the tapetum and microsporocytes degenerate early in anther development. Each of these mutants had shorter filaments and a greater number of inflorescences than congenic male-fertile plants. The differences in the developmental phenotypes of these mutants, together with the non-allelic nature of the mutations indicate that four different genes important for pollen development, have been identified.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Group decision and negotiation 4 (1995), S. 525-548 
    ISSN: 1572-9907
    Keywords: negotiation support systems ; negotiation processes ; dynamical systems theory ; negotiation trajectories visualization
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Psychology
    Notes: Abstract This article presents a descriptive model of negotiation processes. The focus of the model is on the give-and-take activity in negotiation and the feedback and interactive nature of the process. We provide a characterization of the interactive process. The characterization developed allows recording in a computerized environment, leading to a database of negotiation case histories that can be graphically visualized. Such descriptions of negotiating behavior can help characterize and classify the behavior of an individual negotiator.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Plant growth regulation 32 (2000), S. 267-273 
    ISSN: 1573-5087
    Keywords: Arabidopsis ; Biosynthesis ; Cytokinin ; Metabolism ; Mutant
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Cytokinins are involved in plant cell proliferation leading to plant growth and morphogenesis. Earlier we described a mutant of Arabidopsis thaliana, amp1, that had five times higher levels of cytokinin and had a number of pleiotropic phenotypes, including increased cell proliferation and de-etiolated growth in the dark. While these phenotypes were correlated with higher levels of cytokinin, the actual mechanism of how cytokinin is elevated was not elucidated before. In order to understand if the increased cytokinin is a result of increased biosynthesis or decreased degradation we have compared the synthesis of cytokinins from radiolabelled adenine and the degradation of zeatin ribosides and other cytokinins between amp1 and wild type plants. The degradation of the hormone is not affected in the mutant but there is a 4 to 6 fold increase in cytokinin synthesis compared to the wild type. Because the amp1 mutant is recessive we hypothesise that the AMP1 product negatively regulates cytokinin production.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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