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  • 1
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 78.30 ; 68.55 ; 61.70
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Macroscopic defects of the GaAs surface grown by molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) have been investigated by using a micro-probing method of Raman spectroscopy. Especially, the oval defects, the most common macroscopic defects in MBE GaAs, were focused in this study. In Raman spectroscopy for the oval defect on the (100)GaAs surface, TO phonon mode of the 269 cm−1 peak was observed. This indicates that the oval defects can include the (111) growth direction or the amorphized surface. The TO/LO intensity ratios for the defects are in the range from 0.3 to 1.0. In the sample grown under the condition that the substrate temperature is 580° C with the As/Ga ratio of 20, the density of the oval defects is about 200 cm−2 at a growth thickness of 5 μm. With increasing thickness of the epilayer, the density and the size of the α-tye oval defect increased, while the TO/LO ratio decreased. From the spatial measurement by Raman spectroscopy for the α-type oval defect, it is supposed that the α-type oval defect remains in a rather good crystalline state and its orientation along the (100) growth direction is much closer to the (111) direction, but the growth direction of the defect might tend toward the (100) direction with a thicker layer.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Woodbury, NY : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Applied Physics Letters 80 (2002), S. 2502-2504 
    ISSN: 1077-3118
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Nanocrystalline(nc)-Si was grown on SiO2 by rapid thermal chemical vapor deposition. The tunneling oxide layer of a thickness of 4 nm was formed on p-type Si(100) by rapid thermal oxidation at 1050 °C for 30 s. Metal–oxide–semiconductor (MOS) structures were fabricated and capacitance–voltage characterization was carried out to study the memory effects of the nc-Si embedded in the MOS structure. We found the memory effect to be dominantly related to hydrogen-related traps, in addition to being influenced by the three-dimensional quantum confinement and Coulomb charge effects. Deep level transient spectroscopy reveal that the activation energies of the hydrogen-related traps are Ev+0.29 eV (H1) and Ev+0.42 eV (H2), and the capture cross sections are 4.70×10−16 cm2 and 1.44×10−15 cm2, respectively. The presence of Si(Single Bond)H and Si(Single Bond)H2 bonds was confirmed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. © 2002 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Woodbury, NY : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Applied Physics Letters 80 (2002), S. 446-448 
    ISSN: 1077-3118
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: GaN metal–oxide–semiconductor (MOS) capacitors were fabricated by using Ga oxide formed by photoelectrochemical oxidation of GaN. The electrical properties of the MOS structures as characterized by capacitance–voltage measurement were found to be dependent on the oxidation time and posttreatment. Positive flatband voltage was observed in devices with thin oxide layers indicating the existence of negative oxide charge. Very thin oxide exhibits high capacitance and reverse leakage, which can be reduced by rapid thermal annealing (RTA). Passivation of the interface by RTA is partially responsible for the improvement. Thicker oxide layers exhibit improved electrical properties. Low density of interface states (∼1011 eV−1 cm−2) was obtained in the Ga-oxide/GaN structure grown under optimized conditions. © 2002 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Analytical Biochemistry 165 (1987), S. 142-146 
    ISSN: 0003-2697
    Keywords: N-acylamino acids ; acetamidoacrylate ; alanine dehydrogenase ; aminoacylase ; rate assay
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] We have reported that mouse cells chronically infected with AKR leukaemia virus were readily transformed by the chemical carcinogens 3-methylcholanthrene (3MC)B, 7,12-dimethyl-benz(a)anthracene (DMBA)6 and benzo(a)pyrene (BP)6, whereas cells treated with virus or chemical alone were not ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 45 (1996), S. 589-594 
    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Abstract  A continuous bioreactor packed with a fibrous matrix was set up. Cells of Pediococcus acidilactici PO2 were inoculated and MRS broth was fed gradually until cell growth and immobilization were achieved. Kinetics of fermentation and production of bacteriocin were investigated at dilution rates ranging from 0.63 day-1 to 1.58 day-1 and at pH values that varied between 4.0 and 5.5. A maximum bacteriocin activity of 6400 AU/ml was detected when the medium was fermented at dilution rates of at least 1.19 day-1 and the pH controlled at 4.5. The maximum bacteriocin productivity was 1.0×107 AUl-1 day-1 at a dilution rate of 1.58 day-1 and pH 4.5. At this high dilution rate, 1.21 g cells/l medium was produced, 95.9% of the glucose in MRS broth was utilized, and 15.1 g lactic acid/l accumulated in the bioreactor effluent. The bioreactor was operated continuously for 3 months without encountering any clogging, degeneration, or contamination problems, indicating good long-term stability of the bioreactor for bacteriocin production. About 94% of the cells in the bioreactor were immobilized, and the remainder were suspended in the medium. According to scanning electron microscopic observations, cell immobilization in the fibrous matrix was attained by natural attachment to fiber surfaces and entrapment in the void volume within the fibrous matrix. In conclusion, conditions for the optimum continuous production of pediocin were defined; this may facilitate the development of large-scale industrial processes for production of this bacteriocin.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Applied physics 58 (1994), S. 125-128 
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 78.30.Fs ; 68.55Nq ; 81.15.Cd
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The crystalline formation of CuInSe2 thin films has been investigated using micro-Raman spectroscopy and AES composition analysis. It is confirmed that the Raman peaks are stongly dependent on the surface morphology and the Cu:In:Se ratio. In the films annealed at 315°C, crystalline grains larger than 2 μm show Raman peaks at 174 cm−1 and 258 cm−1. The In content is very low and the Cu:Se ratio is about 1:1 in these grains. The low In concentration is thought to be due to the formation of In2O3 on the surface. On the other hand, random structures of 1–2 μm grains found in films annealed at temperatures below 305°C show peaks at 174 cm−1 and 186 cm−1 instead of 258 cm−1 and have a Cu:In:Se ratio of 1:1:3–4. Thus the 186 cm−1 peak is thought to be related to a Cu, In-deficient phase when compared to stoichiometric CuInSe2. The optimum annealing condition was found by analyzing the Raman spectra and composition of different crystalline CuInSe2 grains. Films annealed under this condition exhibited a clear Raman peak at 174 cm−1 and consisted of clusters of crystals less than 1 μm in size.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Applied physics 59 (1994), S. 617-621 
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 78.30.Fs ; 68.55.Nq ; 61.70.At
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Various spots in GaAs, In-diffused with the 1.064 μm line of pulsed Nd:YAG laser with several energy densities, have been characterized and compared with samples prepared by the conventional rapid thermal annealing method. Of the energy densities used, the spot processed with an energy density of 7 J/cm2 shows In x Ga1−x As phases with an indium concentration of 60% and below. An abrupt boundary in the indium concentration is observed at the edge of the laser-annealed spot. The diffusion depth is found to be less than 1000 Å. The spot processed with an energy density of 14 J/cm2 shows considerable damage from the irradiation resulting in strain in the lattice. The samples prepared by the thermal annealing method show similar results to the laser-diffused samples. However, these thermally annealed samples suffer from arsenic loss unlike the laser-processed samples. It can be concluded that laser-induced alloying of indium into GaAs can be achieved with less arsenic loss than the thermal annealing method.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of materials science 30 (1995), S. 1801-1806 
    ISSN: 1573-4803
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The machinability of mica glass-ceramics is evaluated using a tool dynamometer. Several samples with different chemical compositions and microstructures were tested in turning operations using TiCN cermet tools. The cutting rate dependence of specific cutting energy has been studied to find a simple method for the evaluation of machinability. The mechanical strength, the surface roughness of the machined surface and the fracture toughness were measured to support the machining behaviour. For the determination of machinability, the specific cutting energy at low cutting rate conditions, neglecting an elastic impact effect, and the slope of the log-log plot of the specific cutting energy versus cutting rate were considered as the reasonable parameters. These results are correlated with the microstructure and the hardness of the workpiece. In particular, the microhardness of the sample is shown to control the cutting characteristic.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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