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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    s.l. : American Chemical Society
    Biochemistry 7 (1968), S. 1610-1610 
    ISSN: 1520-4995
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    s.l. : American Chemical Society
    Biochemistry 6 (1967), S. 1877-1886 
    ISSN: 1520-4995
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Molecular and cellular biochemistry 29 (1980), S. 23-46 
    ISSN: 1573-4919
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1573-4919
    Keywords: Hemagglutinin-filamentous ; gel electrofocusing ; gel electrophoresis-quantitative ; pertussis ; SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary A highly purified preparation of filamentous hemagglutinin (FHA) from Bordetella pertussis was analyzed for its protein composition by gel electrophoretic methods. In this preparation of FHA the following native species could be detected by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) at pH 3.2: S, and S2 (inactive subunits or fragments); two monomers, a major form designated Ia (144K), and a minor form lb, differing only in net charge; and three oligomeric forms, designated II (213K), III (595K) and IV (1064K). Hemagglutinating activity was associated predominantly with component Ia. PAGE of FHA after derivatization with sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) showed there to be three major species, designated A, C and D. According to estimated molecular weight values, A, C and D are likely to correspond to S2, Ia and II respectively. Isolated components II, III and IV yield all three SDS-species upon derivatization with SDS. Both moving boundary electrophoresis and gel electrofocusing showed hemagglutinating FHA to be a basic protein. Its apparent pI is 8.1.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 310 (1982), S. 378-387 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Elektrophorese ; Gel ; Optimierung ; Strategie
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Es ist möglich, die optimalen Trennungsbedingungen für Moleküle mit Ladung in der Gelelektrophorese objektiv zu bestimmen. Dabei bedeutet optimal, daß die molekularen Unterschiede in bezug auf Ladung, Größe und relative Hydrophobizität zum Zweck der Trennung ausgenützt werden. Eine geeignete Strategie wird erst Lösungsmittel und eventuell Detergentien definieren, die fähig sind, das interessierende Molekül zu lösen und wenigstens einen Teil seiner Aktivitäten (wenn es solche besitzt) beizubehalten. Danach folgt eine systematische Suche nach Unterschieden in der Ladung der verschiedenen zu trennenden Molekülarten durch Einsatz der Gelelektrophorese bei verschiedenen pH-Werten, die man von den pH-Extremen her auf den neutralen pH hin verändert. Als Mittel dazu dient das Stapelgel (Stacking Gel), das es erlaubt, durch Analyse einer einzigen Gelscheibe, die den Stapel enthält, die Möglichkeit der Trennung bei jedem pH festzustellen. Darauf folgt eine Methode, die die molekularen Größenunterschiede für die Trennung ausnutzt und auf der Gelelektrophorese bei verschiedenen Gelkonzentrationen beruht. Die relativen Wanderungsgeschwindigkeiten (RF) werden bei jeder Gelkonzentration für das interessierende Molekül und seine benachbart wandernden Verunreinigungen gemessen. Diese Werte erlauben es, den Ferguson-Plot (log RF vs. %T) für jede Molekülarart aufzustellen. Aus den Steigungen und y-Abschnitten der Ferguson-Plots werden Molekülgröße und Ladung berechnet, sowie die optimale Gelkonzentration für die Trennung jeder Molekularart von einer anderen. Wenn diese Rechnung auf ein Trennungsoptimum bei 0% Gelkonzentration hinweist, ist der Einsatz des isoelektrischen Fokussierens oder der Isotachophorese objektiv gerechtfertigt.
    Notes: Summary The objective definition of optimal fractionation conditions for separating charged molecules by gel electrophoresis is possible. Optimization implies that differences among molecular species in all of their major properties, namely net charge, size and relative hydrophobicity, are exploited for the purpose of separation. A suitable strategy would initially define a solvent and detergent milieu capable of dissolving the species of interest with maintenance of at least a substantial part of the activity of the molecule (if any). This is being followed by a systematic scrutiny of the molecular charge differences between the species by varying the pH of gel electrophoresis, starting at one or both extremes of pH and moving toward neutrality. This is best done using stacking gels by analysis for the protein of interest of a single gel slice containing the stack at each pH. This is being followed by a scrutiny of molecular size differences through gel electrophoresis at several gel concentrations, measurement of relative mobility (RF) in each for both the species of interest and its closest migrating contaminants. The data allow one to compute the Ferguson plots (log RF vs. %T) for each species, the molecular sizes and net charges (the slopes and y-intercepts of these plots), and the optimal gel concentration for the resolution of the species of interest from its neighbors. If that analysis indicates an optimum at 0 % gel concentration, the use of isoelectric focusing or of isotachophoresis for the particular separation problem are objectively indicated.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The gel electrophoresis of DNA of identical length but various static conformations was simulated using a two-dimensional model of the movement of rod-shaped, arc-shaped, and circular objects through random arrays of disk-shaped obstacles. At low obstacle density, the displacement rate of these objects decreases from the rod-shaped to the circular to the arc-shaped objects. At high obstacle densities, the displacement rate of circular objects approaches zero. The alignment of the arc-shaped objects along the axis of the directional movement of the objects was less than that achieved by the rod-shaped objects. Rod-shaped and arc-shaped objects were retarded in their movement by collisions with the obstacles; the number of collisions of the former, in view of their greater ability to align, was less than that of the latter. Circular objects were exclusively retarded by collisions, while the arc-shaped objects exhibited an additional retarding mechanism, viz. the suspension (“hanging”) on the obstacles. When the rigid objects were made flexible, their displacement increased. The increase was most pronounced with the circular objects, allowing them to penetrate at obstacle densities from which the rigid objects were excluded. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 42 (1997), S. 183-189 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: electrophoresis ; retardation ; native proteins ; semidilute polymer solution ; scaling theory ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The retardation of proteins in the Mt range of 15-500 kDa in capillary electrophoresis conducted in semidilute solutions of the polymer polyethylene glycol (Mt range 0.2-8.0 × 106), was measured. The purpose was to test the predictions of the scaling theory with regard to the relation of retardation to (a) the Mt of the polymer, (b) the concentration of the polymer, and (c) the radius of the protein particles. These predictions derive from a mechanism that relates retardation to the screening length of the polymer solution, viewed as the average distance between the entanglement points of polymer chains.For the molecular weight range from 60 to 500 kDa of (near) spherical proteins, the retardation was found to be related to polymer concentration c asμ/μo = exp(-Ac0.69)where μ/μ0 is the retardation expressed as the ratio between the mobility in polymer solution and that in free solution. The value of the exponent of 0.69 is in close agreement with the value of 0.75 predicted by the scaling theory. Parameter A was found (a) to scale as the 0.04th power of Mt (polymer), approximating the predicted value of 0; and (b) to be proportional to particle radius as predicted. All measured values of retardation were independent of electric field strength in the range of 37-370 V/cm. Thus, experimental findings are consistent with the mechanism relating electrophoretic retardation to the screening length of the polymer network in the specified molecular weight range of proteins.Under the same conditions, log(μ/μ0) of proteins with Mt's less than 60 kDa (a) scales as the -0.06th power of Mt (polymer), and (b) is proportional to polymer concentration, suggesting a retardation mechanism that is not related to the screening length. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Biopoly 42: 183-189, 1997
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Individual DNA molecules in the Mb size range were monitored by epifluorescence video microscopy during field inversion gel electrophoresis (FIGE). DNA migrating in an agarose gel gives rise to characteristic V-conformational elements and when doing so exhibits a reduced mobility. When the V-conformational elements per DNA molecule are few, the degree of retardation appears proportional to the number of V's, and since larger DNA species exhibit more V's, to DNA size. For a particular pulse frequency, the proportionality breaks down progressively as the number of V-conformational elements per DNA molecule increases. The loss of proportionality between DNA length and migration rate is being correlated with the macroscopically observed loss of electrophoretic size discrimination known as band compression. For a particular pulsing frequency and size class of DNA, the loss of size discrimination is thought to be due to the different orientations of migration, caused by the asymmetric distribution of V-conformational elements when the number of these elements is moderate. Small and very large DNA by contrast migrate with the direction of the biased field. These events, analyzed by microscopic measurement, are consistent with the known macroscopically observed double-valued mobilities in FIGE.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    ISSN: 0173-0835
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Uncrosslinked polyacrylamide, a viscous liquid, provides a molecular sieving effect in electrophoresis qualitatively the same as that of crosslinked gels. This finding confirms previous results by others using uncrosslinked polyacrylamide mixed with various gel matrices. It provides a sieving medium constituted by an entirely and necessarily random association of inert fibers, as stipulated for interpretation of migration by the Ogston theory. Ferguson plots of several proteins in uncrosslinked polyacrylamide exhibit Yo values smaller and less divergent from one another than in 5 % crosslinked gels, suggesting a curvature of the Ferguson plots of crosslinked polyacrylamide gels at low %T. If linearity of these plots at low %T, 0 %C could be demonstrated, a means would be found to determine accurate values of free mobility by their linear extrapolation to 0 gel concentration. Potentially, uncrosslinked polyacrylamide at low concentrations may provide a tool for the analytical sieving of subcellular particles. However, electrophoresis in uncrosslinked polyacrylamide at concentrations of less than 10 % is perturbed by convection, and thus these potential applications will depend on combining it with a suitable anticonvective device.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    ISSN: 0173-0835
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Two procedures of computer simulation of the electrophoretic migration of a particle through agarose gel are described which allow for: (a) characterization of gel fiber dimensions as a function of gel concentration (gel standardization), (b) determination of particle radius and the dynamics of apparent particle compressibility during passage through the standardized gel, and (c) estimation of the net charge density of a particle by calculating its mobility at 0 % gel concentration. The common model underlying these simulations is based on the extended Ogston theory which probabilistically describes the migration of a particle through a random network of inert and non-flexible fibers in terms of a “random space walk”. The first procedure, applicable to relatively rigid particles such as bacteriophages, standardizes the gel fiber on the basis of mobility values (cm/s)/(V/cm) at several gel concentrations of a single, or several, bacteriophages of known radius. Mobilities of an unknown bacteriophage are then used to simulate its physical properties. The second method, applicable to relatively non-rigid particles such as plant viruses, uses 7 polystyrene particles of known radius to standardize the gel fiber, followed by simulation of virus properties on the basis of their mobilities at several gel concentrations. The techniques described are most appropriate for deriving physical properties of particles from their nonlinear plots of log (mobility) vs. gel concentration (Ferguson plots). They have the virtue of yielding the properties of native, hydrated gel fibers and particles.
    Additional Material: 15 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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