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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 20 (1974), S. 207-222 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Locus coeruleus ; Reward ; Brainstem ; Self-Stimulation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary 1. A number of neurones in the nucleus reticularis parvicellularis of the medulla and in or near the locus coeruleus were found to be directly excited or trans-synaptically activated in self-stimulation of sites in the lateral hypothalamus, midbrain tegmentum and pontine tegmentum. A number of neurones in the same lateral regions of the medulla and pons were trans-synaptically activated in self-stimulation of the sulcal and the medial prefrontal cortex. 2. Neurones in these regions were not activated by stimulation applied to nucleus accumbens self-stimulation electrodes. Therefore activation of neurones in these regions may not be necessary for brain-stimulation reward. 3. Neurones in the ventromedial reticular formation of the pons and medulla (close to the decussation of the superior cerebellar penduncle, and in the nucleus reticularis pontis caudalis and the nucleus reticularis gigantocellularis of the medulla) were activated from the self-stimulation sites and were also activated from non-self-stimulation, motor effect sites in the midbrain tegmentum. Therefore the activation of these neurones may be related to the motor effects, respiratory changes and other side effects which often accompany self-stimulation. 4. It is concluded that the activation of neurones in the region of the locus coeruleus and the nucleus reticularis parvicellularis is closely related to self-stimulation of many brain sites, but is not necessary for brain-stimulation reward.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 575 (1989), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1749-6632
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cancer immunology immunotherapy 25 (1987), S. 250-256 
    ISSN: 1432-0851
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Blast cell populations from 32 patients with acute non-lymphoblastic leukaemia of various morphological types have been examined for their ability to stimulate allogeneic T lymphocytes from normal donors in one-way mixed leucocyte culture (MLC). At the same time, these leukaemic cell populations were examined for the amounts of major histocompatibility complex Class I and Class II antigens they expressed, and their ability to release interleukin 1 (IL1) in culture both with and without stimulation by lipopolysaccharide. The abilities of the leukaemic cell populations to stimulate in MLC, and to produce IL1, were found to be associated with the expression of morphological characteristics of monocytic differentiation, and correlated significantly. In contrast, no correlation was observed between the extent of Class I or Class II expression and MLC stimulatory ability. Many myeloblast populations of immature phenotype were unable to stimulate allogeneic T cells despite their strong expression of these antigens. This lack of stimulatory ability was not overcome by the addition of exogenous IL1. We therefore conclude that the correlation between the production of IL1 and MLC stimulatory ability does not necessarily imply a cause/effect relationship, and that the interaction between allo-antigen and the T cell receptor together with a supply of lymphokine ‘co-stimulator’ is not sufficient to activate resting T lymphocytes. The failure of some Class I and II antigen positive leukaemic blasts to stimulate in MLC even in the presence of exogenous IL1 may be due to the lack of other differentiation-associated cell surface molecules necessary for stable cell-cell interaction.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 97 (1989), S. 213-218 
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: d-Fenfluramine ; 5-HT receptor subtypes ; Methiothepin ; Metergoline ; Ketanserin ; Ritanserin ; (±)Cyanopindolol ; ICI 169 369 ; ICS 205 930 ; Xylamidine ; Anorexia ; Rats
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The effects of eight serotonin (5-HT) receptor antagonists on the anorectic effect of d-fenfluramine (3.0 mg/kg, IP) were examined in a test of sweet mash consumption, using non-deprived male rats. d-Fenfluramine's effect was attenuated by the mixed 5-HT1/5-HT2 receptor antagonists, methiothepin and metergoline; by the 5-HT2 receptor antagonist ritanserin; and by (±)cyanopindolol, a mixed 5-HT1A/5-HT1B receptor antagonist. In contrast, d-fenfluramine's effect was not antagonised by the 5-HT2 receptor antagonists ketanserin and ICI 169 369; the 5-HT3 receptor antagonist ICS 205 930; or by xylamidine, a peripheral 5-HT receptor antagonist. In this feeding model, none of the 5-HT antagonists, when tested alone, had any effect to increase palatable food consumption. The pattern of results obtained strongly suggest that central 5-HT1 receptors play an important role in the mediation of d-fenfluramine-induced anorexia.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: CGS 12066B ; d-Fenfluramine ; Fluoxetine ; mCPP ; MK 212 ; 5-HT ; RU 24969 ; TFMPP ; 5-HT1 receptor ; Salt intake ; Thirst
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Previously, it has been shown that, in small doses, putative 5-HT1A receptor agonists selectively increase ingestion of hypertonic saline without affecting either water or isotonic saline intake. Evidence was obtained in the present series of experiments for selective reduction in hypertonic saline following the administration of a variety of serotonergic directly- and indirectly-acting agonists. Water, isotonic saline (0.9%), or hypertonic saline (1.8%) were made available to separate groups of water-deprived rats. The results indicated some selectivity with the 5-HT-uptake inhibitor and releaser d-fenfluramine and the 5-HT uptake inhibitor fluoxetine, and with the 5-HT agonists mCPP [1-3-chlorophenyl)piperazine] and MK 212 [6-chloro-2-(1-piperazinyl)pyrazine]. In each case, hypertonic intake was significantly suppressed. Distinct from these compounds were TFMPP [1-(3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)piperazine], RU 24969 [5-methoxy-3-(1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridinyl)1H-indole], and quipazine. This second group either reduced fluid intake indiscriminately or reduced water and isotonic saline drinking. Selective reduction in the intake of hypertonic saline did not occur. Finally, peripheral-administration of 5-HT or the 5-HT1B agonist CGS 12066B [7-trifluoro-methyl-4(4-methyl-1-piperazinyl-pyrolo) (1,2-a) 1∶2 maleate], had no significant effect on fluid intake in any fluid condition. The results are discussed in terms of a possible serotonergic mechanism which may underlie inhibition of hypertonic salt drinking, and which involves mediation through a subtype of the 5-HT1 receptor.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Benzodiazepines ; CGS 8216 ; CGS 9895 ; CGS 9896 ; Clonazepam ; Food intake ; Hyperphagia ; Pyrazoloquinolines ; Ro11-3128 ; Ro11-3624 ; Ro15-1788 ; Rats
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Non-deprived male rats were familiarised with a highly palatable diet until baseline consumption in a 30-min daily access period had stabilised. Stereospecificity of the hyperphagic effect of benzodiazepine receptor agonists was demonstrated using two enantiomers, the (S)-enantiomer being Ro11-3128 (methylclonazepam) and the (R)-enantiomer, Ro11-3624. The benzodiazepine receptor antagonists, Ro15-1788 and CGS 8216, reversed the hyperphagic effect of Ro11-3128. These data confirm the mediation of the hyperphagic effect of benzodiazepines by specific receptors. In further experiments, the effects of the pyrazoloquinolines CGS 9895 and CGS 9896 were examined both alone and also in combination with clonazepam. In doses of 1.25-10.0 mg/kg, neither CGS 9895 nor CGS 9896, when given alone, had a significant effect on the consumption of the palatable diet. Both, however, dose-dependently antagonised the hyperphagic effect of clonazepam. In a test of palatable food consumption, therefore, both compounds can be characterised as benzodiazepine antagonists.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: FG 7142 ; Ethological analysis ; Social behaviour ; Aggressive behaviour ; Immobility ; Self-grooming ; β-carboline ; Anxiogenic ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The effects of FG 7142, a β-carboline benzodiazepine receptor partial inverse agonist, on the social behavior of pair-housed rats were investigated. Four 6-min dyadic social encounters in a living cage were observed in a paradigm in which one member of a pair of rats was injected. The four injection groups (n=8) were vehicle control, and FG 7142 at 2.5, 5.0 and 10.0 mg/kg, respectively. All injections were administered 2 min before the start of the first observation trial. Compared to the effects of vehicle alone, FG 7142 decreased aggressive behaviour but did not change the level of total social interaction. Thus there were compensating increases in approaching and avoiding behaviours following the administration of FG 7142. Locomotion declined marginally and immobility increased in FG 7142-injected rats. FG 7142 decreased the incidence of self-grooming. The evidence is consistent with a relatively selective reduction in intraspecies aggression in male rats after the injection of the β-carboline inverse agonist.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: 8-OH-DPAT ; Feeding ; Drinking ; Palatability ; Appetite ; Fenfluramine ; Satiety ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The 5-HT1A agonist 8-OH-DPAT, at a dose of 30 μg/kg, enhanced the consumption of sweetened wet mash and sweetened milk in non-deprived rats. In partially satiated rats, sensitivity to the hyperphagic effect of 8-OH-DPAT on wet mash intake was substantially increased, so that the minimally effective dose was reduced to 3 μg/kg. Similarly, 8-OH-DPAT was more efficacious in increasing milk intake in satiated rats. Thus, 30 and 40 μg/kg 8-OH-DPAT produced a 4-fold increase of milk intake in completely satiated rats compared to a 2-fold increase in partially satiated animals at a dose of 30 μg/kg. The increased intake of liquid and wet mash diets observed after treatment with low doses of 8-OH-DPAT argues against the involvement of non-specific gnawing in the increased consumption of solid food produced by the drug. Rather, the data suggest that 8-OH-DPAT may specifically stimulate appetite by counteracting a tonic serotonergic inhibition of feeding. The present experiments also showed that 8-OH-DPAT attenuates fenfluramine-induced anorexia which is thought to depend on increased serotonergic neurotransmission.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 86 (1985), S. 175-181 
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Yawning ; Chewing mouth movements ; Stretching ; Sexual arousal ; Piribedil ; Apomorphine ; Striatum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The behavioural effects of systemic and intrastriatal injections of the dopamine agonists piribedil and apomorphine in male rats were examined. Bilateral application of piribedil (50 and 100 μg) or apomorphine (5, 10 and 20 μg) to the striatum produced yawning and chewing mouth movements accompanied by intermittent stretching and sexual arousal. Low doses of piribedil (1.25 and 2.5 mg/kg) and apomorphine (0.1 and 0.2 mg/kg) injected SC produced an identical yawning syndrome. Previous work has suggested that yawning elicited by systemic dopamine agonist treatment is a consequence of dopamine autoreceptor stimulation. Similarly, the most likely explanation of the present data is that yawning elicited by systemic and central dopamine agonist treatment was due to activation of dopamine autoreceptors. Systemic injection of haloperidol and scopolamine abolished yawning induced by intrastriatal piribedil and these data provide tentative support for the proposal that a dopamine-acetylcholine link may be involved in the expression of yawning.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Opiates ; Naloxone ; Sodium preference ; Saline consumption ; Thirst ; Sex ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The effects of naloxone on fluid consumption by water-deprived rats trained to choose between a saline solution and water in a 15-min drinking test were examined. Rats of each sex were allocated to three groups and given access to 0.125% NaCl, 0.6% NaCl, and 1.7% NaCl, respectively, as the alternative to water. Under control conditions they drank substantially more of the hypotonic salt solutions than water, but drank slightly more water than hypertonic salt solution. Naloxone generally reduced fluid consumption, dose-dependently (0.01–10 mg/kg). In the cases of the two hypotonic solutions, the suppressant effect of naloxone was limited to saline solution. The usually low levels of water consumption were unaffected. In the case of the hypertonic solution, naloxone suppressed salt and water intakes by equivalent amounts. The effects of naloxone in the tests with the two higher salt concentrations depended upon sex. There was one example of a significant naloxone-induced reduction in saline preference (females; 0.125% NaCl v H2O). In other instances, saline preferences were not significantly modified. The results are briefly discussed in relation to current suggestions that naloxone may affect fluid consumption in ways which are taste-dependent (e.g., taste sensitivity, palatability, reward). An alternative view is also considered, that the effects of naloxone may be taste-independent, at least in the particular case of drinking in a two-choice test with saline and water.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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