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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Acute subjective and physiological responses to smoking in adolescents (2001)
    Oxford, UK : Carfax Publishing, part of the Taylor & Francis Group
    Addiction 96 (2001), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1360-0443
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine , Psychology
    Notes: 
 Aims. To determine the topography of cigarette smoking and the subjective and physiological effects of abstinence and nicotine in adolescents who smoke on a daily versus a non-daily basis. 
Design. Repeated measures experiment, non-blinded, involving a single test session. 
Setting. Human psychopharmacology laboratory. 
Participants. Twenty-one daily and 21 non-daily adolescent cigarette smokers (21 females; 21 males; age 13-18 years) with life-time use greater than 10 cigarettes, responding to radio and print advertisements. 
Intervention. Overnight abstinence from cigarettes followed by smoking of a single cigarette furnished by the participant at test. 
Measurements. The Fagerstrom Test for Nicotine Dependence, saliva nicotine and cotinine, expired air carbon monoxide (CO), heart rate (HR), self-report scales and smoking topography. Most measurements were performed before and after smoking. 
Findings. Saliva nicotine, CO and HR increased, and self-reported intention and desire to smoke decreased, after smoking (p 〈 0.001). Fagerstrom scores indicated greater dependence and desire to smoke in daily than in non-daily smokers. HR increased substantially over pre-smoking levels in both groups. Puff topography did not differ between the groups, although collectively these participants appeared to take smaller and more puffs than adult smokers tested under similar conditions. 
Conclusion. This study provides initial evidence that adolescent cigarette smokers self-administer physiologically active doses of nicotine very early in their smoking careers. Nicotine dependence in adolescents appears to be a function of the current frequency of cigarette use, and subjective-behavioral consequences of abstinence and smoking are evident even in non-daily smokers.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1360-0443.2001.961014095.x
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Fixed-interval schedules for drug self-administration in the rat (1989)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 99 (1989), S. 136-139 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Fixed-interval ; Self-administration ; Second-order schedule ; Heroin ; Cocaine
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The practicality of using second-order fixed-interval schedules in studies of heroin reinforcement with rats was examined. Optimum rates of responding were obtained with a dose of 0.03 mg/kg/infusion and an interval duration of 3 min. In addition, schedules consisting of a only a single interval were shown to be practical, leading to response rates comparable to those obtained with cocaine or food as reinforcer.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00634468
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Nicotine maintains robust self-administration in rats on a limited-access schedule (1989)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 99 (1989), S. 473-478 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Nicotine ; Self-administration ; Reinforcement ; Mecamylamine ; Hexamethonium ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Intravenous nicotine maintained substantial responding on the drug-reinforced lever with a limited-access, fixed-ratio 5 schedule of self-administration. Responding demonstrated the expected pharmacological sensitivity; it was dose-dependently reduced by pre-session treatment with either nicotine or mecamylamine but not with hexamethonium. In addition, responding was dependent on the size of the unit dose, with maximum values occurring at 0.01 and 0.03 mg/kg/infusion. Self-administration behavior decreased at doses both above and below these, and extinction followed the substitution of saline for nicotine. Total session drug intake increased with unit dose up to a maximal value of approximately 0.5 mg/kg at 0.03 mg/kg/infusion, but did not increase further at the 0.06 mg/kg/infusion dose. A decrease in the time-out duration at the dose of 0.03 mg/kg/infusion also did not change the total session intake of nicotine. It is suggested that nicotine intake is controlled both by the total amount of drug obtained and by the magnitude of the unit dose. These results demonstrate that intravenous nicotine can maintain substantial self-administration behavior in rodents.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00589894
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Evidence for opioid mechanisms in the behavioral effects of nicotine (1988)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 96 (1988), S. 29-35 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Nicotine ; Opioid-nicotine interactions ; Naltrexone ; Fixed-interval responding
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The effects of nicotine, heroin, mecamylamine, and naltrexone were studied in rats trained to respond under a fixed-interval 3-min schedule of food presentation. Nicotine (0.1–3.0 mg/kg) first increased, then decreased response rates; heroin (0.03–0.6 mg/kg) produced only dose-related response rate decreases. Mecamylamine (0.1–3.0 mg/kg) and naltrexone (0.3–10.0 mg/kg), administered alone, each had little effect on response rates. However, when administered in combination with increasing doses of nicotine, mecamylamine (1.0 mg/kg) blocked the increases in response rate caused by 0.3 and 1.0 mg/kg nicotine and partially reversed the decreases in rate caused by 3.0 mg/kg nicotine. In contrast, the combination of naltrexone and nicotine, at doses of each that alone either had no effect or increased response rates, markedly decreased responding. This phenomenon was not evident during the first pairing of naltrexone and nicotine, but appeared in the second and subsequent pairings. After drug combinations had been tested, the nicotine dose-response curve was unchanged from its previous values, and naltrexone alone produced no tendency to decrease response rate. These observations may be related to previous results that have suggested a role for endogenous opioids in mediating certain of the behavioral effects of nicotine.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02431529
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The mesolimbic dopaminergic system is implicated in the reinforcing effects of nicotine (1992)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 107 (1992), S. 285-289 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Nicotine ; Mesolimbic dopamine ; Reinforcement ; Nucleus accumbens ; Dopamine ; 6-Hydroxydopamine
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Rats were trained to self-administer nicotine on a fixed-ratio schedule of reinforcement. Infusion of the nicotinic antagonist chlorisondamine into the cerebral ventricles produced a sustained reduction in nicotine self-administration compared to vehicle-treated controls. Lesions of the mesolimbic dopamine system were produced by microinfusion of 6-hydroxydopamine into the nucleus accumbens. Following production of the lesions, nicotine self-administration was markedly reduced for the 3-week test period; motor impairment did not appear to be responsible. Post mortem analysis of brain tissue showed that the lesion produced a pronounced decrease in dopamine content of the nucleus accumbens and the olfactory tubercle, and a small depletion in the striatum. These data demonstrate that the reinforcing effects of nicotine occur within the central nervous system, and that the mesolimbic dopamine projection plays an important role in these effects.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02245149
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Acamprosate suppresses the expression of morphine-induced sensitization in rats but does not affect heroin self-administration or relapse induced by heroin or stress (1998)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 139 (1998), S. 391-401 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Key words Acamprosate ; Dopamine ; Heroin self-administration ; Nucleus accumbens ; Reinstatement ; Relapse ; Sensitization ; Stress
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Acamprosate (calcium-acetyl homotaurinate) is a new compound used in the treatment of alcohol abuse. Because of the putative link between alcoholism and the endogenous opioid systems in both humans and laboratory animals, we tested in rats the effects of acamprosate on behavioral and neurochemical effects of opioid drugs related to their abuse potential. These included sensitization to the behavioral effects of morphine, morphine-induced dopamine (DA) release in the nucleus accumbens (NAS), intravenous (IV) heroin self-administration and relapse to heroin seeking in drug-free rats. In experiment 1, rats were injected daily with either morphine (10 mg/kg, SC) or saline for 14 days. Three days later in a test for the expression of sensitization, an injection of morphine (10 mg/kg) resulted in increased locomotor activity and enhanced DA release in the NAS in rats previously exposed to morphine. Acamprosate (two injections of 200 mg/kg; 12 h apart; IP) suppressed the expression of the sensitized responses, but did not alter the effects of morphine in drug-naive control rats. In experiment 2, it was found that acamprosate (two injections of 50–200 mg/ kg; IP) had no consistent effects on IV heroin self-administration (50–100 μg/kg per infusion) and, in experiment 3, that acamprosate (100–200 mg/ kg, IP) did not alter reinstatement of drug seeking induced by priming injections of heroin (0.25 mg/kg, SC) or a footshock stressor (15 min; 0.5 mA) after a 5- to 8-day period of extinction. Thus, although acamprosate attenuated the expression of sensitized locomotor activity and DA release in the NAS, it did not have any consistent effect on either the intake of heroin during the maintenance phase or the relapse to heroin seeking in a drug-free state. Thus, to the extent that the self-administration and the reinstatement procedures provide valid preclinical models for drug use and relapse in humans, our data suggest that acamprosate may not be effective in altering drug-taking behavior in heroin users.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002130050730
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Reinstatement and spontaneous recovery of nicotine seeking in rats (1997)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 130 (1997), S. 396-403 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Key words Dopamine ; Intravenous drug self-administration ; Nicotine ; Relapse ; Reinstatement ; Spontaneous recovery
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Reinstatement and spontaneous recovery of previously extinguished nicotine-taking behavior were examined in rats. Male subjects were trained to self-administer nicotine (30 μg/kg per infusion, IV; one 60-min session per day for 3 weeks). Extinction sessions were then given for 5–10 days during which saline was substituted for nicotine. Subsequently, in the first set of tests for nicotine seeking, the reinstatement of lever presses that previously delivered nicotine was examined after priming injections of saline and nicotine (75, 150 and 300 μg/kg, SC; and 30 and 60 μg/kg, IV). In the second set of tests for nicotine-seeking, rats were tested after an additional 21-day drug-free period during which they were not exposed to the self-administration chambers (a test for the spontaneous recovery of drug seeking), and after priming injections of nicotine (150 and 300 μg/kg, SC). Reinstatement of extinguished food-reinforced behavior after exposure to nicotine was also determined. Priming injections of nicotine reinstated nicotine seeking regardless of the route of administration. In addition, previously extinguished nicotine seeking recovered spontaneously after a 21-day period during which rats were not exposed to the drug-taking environment. Nicotine also reinstated extinguished food-reinforced behavior in rats with a history of nicotine self-administration, but not in drug-naive rats. The present results extend previous work with opioid and stimulant drugs on reinstatement of drug seeking by the self-administered drug. It also appears that, as with other positive reinforcers, the mere passage of time is a sufficient condition for the spontaneous recovery of extinguished nicotine seeking.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002130050256
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The mu opioid agonist DAMGO alters the intravenous self-administration of cocaine in rats: mechanisms in the ventral tegmental area (1999)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 141 (1999), S. 428-435 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Key words Cocaine reinforcement ; Ventral tegmental area ; Mu opioid ; Kappa opioid
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Microinfusions of the opioid subtype-selective agonist DAMGO and antagonist CTOP into the ventral tegmental area (VTA) were used to examine the role of mu opioid receptors in this area of the mesolimbic dopamine system in regulating cocaine reinforcement. Long-Evans rats were trained to self-administer cocaine intravenously and prepared with intracranial cannulae directed to the VTA. At doses of cocaine on the descending limb of the cocaine dose-response curve, the mu-selective agonist DAMGO produced a dose-related decrease in cocaine self-administration when delivered by microinfusion into the VTA. At a dose of cocaine on the ascending limb of the self-administration dose-response curve, DAMGO microinfusions produced an increase in responding for the drug. The mu-selective antagonist CTOP produced small effects on cocaine self-administration. A kappa-selective agonist and antagonist (U50,488 and norbinaltorphimine, respectively) produced either no effects or small effects that did not show consistent trends with dose. These experiments suggest that the mu agonist DAMGO is able to shift the dose-response curve for cocaine self-administration to the left. This effect appears to be specific for mu as compared to kappa agonists. These data are consistent with the known differential distribution of opioid receptor subtypes within the VTA, and with the effects of opioid compounds in the VTA on dopamine release in the mesolimbic synaptic field. The data show that a mu opioid mechanism in the somatodendritic region can alter reinforcement processes for cocaine, which acts predominantly at the terminal field of dopamine cells.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002130050853
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Selective dopamine antagonists reduce nicotine self-administration (1991)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 104 (1991), S. 171-176 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Nicotine self-administration ; Locomotor activity ; Dopamine antagonists ; SCH23390 ; Spiperone
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The effects of selective D1 (SCH23390) and D2 (spiperone) dopamine antagonists, as well as of haloperidol, were examined on nicotine self-administration, food-maintained responding, and locomotor activity in rats. Antagonists reduced both operant responding and locomotor activity. Response patterns indicated that motor impairment was not the cause of the decreases, since responding was attenuated only in the latter half of operant sessions. Locomotor activity scores were significantly reduced by SCH23390, but not by spiperone. The effects of dopamine antagonists on nicotine self-administration are different from the effects of these antagonists on cocaine self-administration. Results are discussed in terms of the role of dopamine in drug reinforcement versus its role in sensorimotor integration.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02244174
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Opiate antagonists reduce cocaine but not nicotine self-administration (1991)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 104 (1991), S. 167-170 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Cocaine ; Nicotine ; Self-administration ; Naltrexone ; Naloxone ; Reinforcement
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Rats were trained to self-administer cocaine in 1-h sessions on a fixed ratio 5 (FR5) schedule of reinforcement. Acquisition was carried out at a unit dose of 0.3 mg/kg and responding was then stabilized at cocaine doses of 0.1, 0.3, and 1.0 mg/kg/infusion. Pretreatments with naltrexone (0.1–10 mg/kg, SC) 20 min prior to the start of self-administration sessions resulted in decreases in cocaine self-administration at doses of 0.1 and 0.3 mg/kg/infusion, but not at 1.0 mg/kg/infusion. Decreases depended on the dose of naltrexone used, with greater decreases in self-administration occurring at higher antagonist doses. In addition, treatment with the opiate antagonist naloxone also reduced cocaine self-administration at a unit dose of 0.3 mg/kg. A group of rats trained to self-administer nicotine at a dose of 0.03 mg/kg/infusion on the same schedule of reinforcement was unaffected by naltrexone treatment. These results may indicate that an endogenous opiate system plays a role in cocaine reinforcement.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02244173
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