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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    SOME ASPECTS OF THE TRANSCEPHALIC DC CIRCUIT (1967)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Psychophysiology 4 (1967), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1469-8986
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine , Psychology
    Notes: The transcephalic DC potential is a maintained and functionally significant voltage recorded over the frontal and occipital emissary vein distributions on the midline of the scalp. Two possible sources for the potential are considered, cortical and cutaneous, and the latter is rejected on empirical grounds as the main voltage source. From consideration of the electrical properties of bone and of the blood, a path of least resistance is described, linking the cortex and the scalp. On the basis of this circuit pathway, a number of specific hypotheses are derived concerning the relative potentials, polarities and resistances to be found over regions of the cortex, skull and scalp and these predictions were found to be consistent with experimental results. These findings greatly strengthen the probability that the cortex is the main generator of the TCDC potentials, but also indicate that certain other structures probably modulate the circuit as well by acting as variable resistances.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8986.1967.tb02758.x
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    CO2: A Possible Missing Link Between Regional Cortical Metabolism and Transcephalic Direct Current Potentials (1975)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Psychophysiology 12 (1975), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1469-8986
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine , Psychology
    Notes: Certain slowly changing potentials measured on the surface of the scalp (TCDC potentials) have been shown to correlate significantly with a number of psychological and psychiatric parameters. It has been shown that they are related to metabolism of the subjacent cerebral cortex. The present work investigates the possibility that the potentials are related to brain CO2 production in a series of three groups of studies. In the first studies rat brain to. metabolism is modulated by a variety of internal carotid injections and the concomitant TCDC effects are observed. In the second set of studies scalp CO2 is modulated by a series of external carotid injections and the associated TCDC effects noted. Finally biophysical analysis shows that electrogenic CO2 reactions in the scalp are quantitatively in agreement with empirically measured TCDC voltage, current, and resistance measures, and that the cortex is the most likely source for most of the CO2 involved in the voltage generation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8986.1975.tb00077.x
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    SOME BIOCHEMICAL EACTORS THAT MODIFY THE TRANSCEPHALIC DC POTENTIAL (1967)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Psychophysiology 4 (1967), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1469-8986
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine , Psychology
    Notes: The transcephalic DC potential is that voltage recorded across the midline surface of the head between the frontal and occipital emissary vein distributions. Some psychophysiological correlates of this potential are described, and it is noted that little is known about the neuronal or biochemical modulation of it. Experiments are described using mature male cats, rabbits and rats as subjects. The frontal potential is found to shift progressively more positive as the depth of anesthesia increases. Pain causes a brief negative frontal shift and visceral irritation a positive one. Pinch mimics pain responses in etherized animals, but the DC shift is dampened in barbiturate anesthetized ones. Intracarotid injections of histamine and a histamine releaser produce a negative frontal shift. Heparin, serotonin, and nembutal produce positive frontal shifts. Epinephrine produces either a positive or negative shift, and potentiates the effects of histamine and serotonin. Histamine and serotonin combined produce a negative frontal shift. Many of these compounds are effective in 1μg or smaller doses. These findings, plus further analyses of the persistence, magnitude, latency, and dosage relatedness of the shifts are presented.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8986.1967.tb02742.x
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    CO2 and the Cephalic Direct Current System: Studies on Humans and a Biophysical Analysis (1976)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Psychophysiology 13 (1976), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1469-8986
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine , Psychology
    Notes: The TCDC/CO, hypothesis is that slowly changing potentials, source resistances and source currents, measured between electrodes placed over specific diploic/emissary vein distributions on the scalp, largely reflect regional differences in subelectrode CO2 concentrations which are in equilibrium with subjacent cortical differences in metabolism and CO2 production. Studies on humans show that TCDC parameters do show the expected relationships with the effects of regional differences in CO2 concentration.An explicit quantitative formulation of the hypothesis is developed based on the best available measures of all essential parameters, and it in shown that this model permits the correct computation of all TCDC empirical norms under essentially all conditions of measurement. Although it now appears that MIX studies have a substantial theoretical foundation it must be emphasized that the analysis in this paper is based on normative—i.e. averaged—values and cannot yet be applied to isolated TCDC measurements on single subjects.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8986.1976.tb00884.x
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    ELEMENTARY FUNCTIONAL CORRELATES OF THE TRANSCEPHALIC DC CIRCUIT (1967)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Psychophysiology 3 (1967), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1469-8986
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine , Psychology
    Notes: A brief general theory is proposed linking the transcephalic DC potential, which is recorded on the midline surface of the head over the frontal and occipital emissary veins, with a certain functional organization of the brain. From this it is proposed that interoceptive or protopathic afferents—carotid sinus, carotid body, vestibular, and visceral—should produce a positive frontal deflection, while exteroceptive or epicritic afferents—tactile, auditory, proprioceptive, gustatory, visual, and olfactory—should produce a negative frontal DC shift. It is proposed that hunger promotes a negative frontal base line, satiety a positive one, and anxiety increases the base-line variance of a group. A relationship is proposed between frontal negativity and body metabolic peaks. It is proposed that a noxious exteroceptive stimulus produces a positive frontal shift, despite its cortical projection. The hypotheses were tested using normal adult male Ss and good agreement between results and predictions was found.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8986.1967.tb02705.x
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The Brain As Generator Of Transcephalically Measured Direct Current Potentials (1974)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Psychophysiology 11 (1974), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1469-8986
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine , Psychology
    Notes: The transcephalic direct current potentials are slowly changing voltages measured between specified diploic-emissary vein distributions on the intact surface of the scalp. Significant correlations have been found between these voltages and various psychological functions which appear consistent with the functional properties of the subjacent cortex. In an effort to specify the location of the source of these potentials, virtually every conceivable voltage generating tissue and structure of the head was studied for its dc voltage effects both under maximal stimulation and maximal inhibition (i.e. surgical ablation or chemical inactivation). Structures studied were: the various layers of the scalp itself; scalp sweat glands; the nervous and vascular supply of the scalp; the structures of the orbit; the muscular distribution of the head; the skull; the meninges; and finally the vascular supply of the cortex and the cortex itself. It was found that no structure played any significant dc generating role except the cortex. It was also possible to demonstrate a cortex to scalp circuit pathway which runs principally within a centrifugally running intravascular system. It appears warranted to conclude that transcephalically measured direct current potentials are generated by the cortex.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8986.1974.tb00551.x
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Malabsorption and cerebral dysfunction: A multivariate and comparative study of autistic children (1971)
    Springer
    Journal of autism and developmental disorders 1 (1971), S. 48-62 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-3432
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Psychology
    Notes: Abstract Gastrointestinal disorders observed in autistic children prompted a series of related investigations of biological abnormalities. TCDC electrophysiologic recordings, histamine wheal response tests, eosinophile counts, blood cortisol determinations, and behavioral observations involving 15 autistic children were conducted to study several interrelationships, particularly malabsorption and cerebral dysfunction. Control subjects included siblings, other normal children, and normal, schizophrenic and nonschizophrenic adults. Observed differences tended to support approaches that distinguish autism from the large majority of “the schizophrenias.” Characteristic “DC bursts” were found in autistic children, suggesting a maturational failure of a brain control system. Abnormal response of their TCDC system to gliadin and cortisol postulated an underlying cerebral defect affected by stress, diet, or other chemical change. Conclusions imply a fundamental neurobiological dysfunction in “childhood autism,” its possible correlation with malabsorption, and mutual compatibility of various other approaches to etiology.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01537742
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Some higher functional correlates of the transcephalic D. C. Circuit (1968)
    Springer
    Psychiatric quarterly 42 (1968), S. 409-429 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-6709
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01564382
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Biochemical modulations of the transcephalic direct current circuit in humans (1970)
    Springer
    Psychiatric quarterly 44 (1970), S. 408-421 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-6709
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The transcephalic dc potentials were defined and techniques of measurement and analysis were described. The effects of a number of chemical variables on the TCDC potentials of normal and senile subjects were described. The variables included: thyroid, testosterone, estrogen, progesterone, cortisone and ethanol administrations; water loading; hypocapnia due to hyperventilation; and blood sugar and eosinophile determinations. The results showed that the TCDC potentials are very sensitive to certain of the above factors and the effects are compatible with the hypothesis that the voltages are modulated by changes in the permeability of the cortical blood brain barrier system. Descriptors: dc bio-electricity, cortisone, thyroid, hyperventilation, blood sugar, eosinophile counts, testosterone, estrogen, progesterone, alcohol, water loading, TCDC circuit.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01562985
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