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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Reproductive investment of female brown trout, Salmo trutta L., in a stream and reservoir system in northern England (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of fish biology 44 (1994), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1095-8649
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Within the basin of Cow Green reservoir, upper Teesdale, the brown trout, Salmo trutta L., spend their first two seasons in running water. After this some females remain resident and others migrate to Cow Green reservoir. A cohort of 1000 females at age 2 that remains resident in tributary streams will, during the lifetime of the cohort, lay, on average, 3·0 times as many eggs as a cohort which resides in the reservoir. This conclusion is apparently not consistent with the observation that most females take up reservoir residence.Reservoir females have a higher growth rate (Walford constant k=0·61, c.f. 0·86 for stream residents) and shorter life expectancy (M year−1= 1·19, c.f. 0·56) than the stream residents. However, they are of larger average size than the stream residents, lay larger eggs (mean 0·074 g, c.f. 0·066 g) and bury them more deeply (mean depth 11·0 cm, c.f. 8·5 cm).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8649.1994.tb01211.x
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The ability of U.K. salmonid alevins to emerge through a sand layer (1993)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of fish biology 43 (1993), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1095-8649
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Artificial redds were used to examine the effect of layers of sand at the gravel surface upon the emergence of trout and salmon. Alevins of both species can negotiate sand layers up to 8 cm thick.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8649.1993.tb00451.x
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The trout (Salmo trutta) population of the Afon Cwm, a small tributary of the Afon Dyfi, mid-Wales (1995)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of fish biology 46 (1995), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1095-8649
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Data are presented from a 10-year (1984 to 1993) study of a Salmo trutta population in the Afon Cwm, a small tributary of the Afon Dyfi, mid-Wales. The stream is a spawning and nursery area for sea trout. Growth of trout within the stream can be summarized by a von Bertalanffy growth coefficient (K) of 0·310, with asymptotic length (1∞) 21·6 cm and with length at age 1 of 7·6 cm. Mean population density in the whole stream varied from year to year between 0·05 and 0·60 0-group trout m−2 and between 0·05 and 0·70 older trout m−2. Mean biomass varied, between years, from 0·1 to 3·5 g m−2 for 0-group and from 1·3 to 10·4g m−2 for older trout. Loss between 3 and 5 months of age appeared to be proportionate at about 50 to 60% and instantaneous loss rate from 5 to 53 months of age varied from 0·04 to 0·10 month−1 and was positively correlated with cohort number at 3 months of age. Production between 3 and 53 months of age varied between cohorts from 3 to 8 g m −2 live weight.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8649.1995.tb01105.x
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Some observations on the growth and length: weight relationship of the South Georgia cod Notothenia rossii marmorata Fischer during the first four years of life (1975)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of fish biology 7 (1975), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1095-8649
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The paper describes the length: weight relationship and the results of back-calculating fish length from scale length for Notothenia rossii marmorata Fischer, collected in April 1961 from Leith Harbour, South Georgia.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8649.1975.tb04615.x
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Observations on siting, dimensions and structure of salmonid redds (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of fish biology 34 (1989), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1095-8649
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Redds of trout, Salmo trutta L., Atlantic salmon, S. salar L., and rainbow trout, S. gairdneri Richardson, were studied at sites in north-east England, south-west Wales and southern England (Dorset). Spawning females preferred gravels of 20–30 mm diameter and water velocities at 0·6 depth of 〈inlineGraphic alt="geqslant R: gt-or-equal, slanted" extraInfo="nonStandardEntity" href="urn:x-wiley:00221112:JFB119:ges" location="ges.gif"/〉 15 cm s-1 and 〈c. 2·0 body lengths s-1. After logarithmic transformation the major horizontal dimensions of redds could be related to one another by linear regressions, and redd tail length could, similarly, be related to female fish length. Egg burial depth in upland stony streams in north-east England and south-west Wales could be predicted from a linear regression of mean depth upon female length. Information is also given on gravel composition and redd structure.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8649.1989.tb02962.x
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A desk study of the relationship between temperature and hatching time for the eggs of five species of salmonid fishes (1981)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Freshwater biology 11 (1981), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2427
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: SUMMARY. Information on temperature (T°C) and time from fertilization to 50% hatch (D days) for five species of salmonid fishes has been used to assess several mathematical models relating D and T. No single equation gave the best fit to all five data sets. The power law with temperature correction (α), log101D= log10a+b log10 (T- α) and the quadratic, log10D= log10a+bT+b1T2 (where a, b, b1, and α are constants), each accounted for over 97 % of the variance of D and were good fits to the observed data points for all five species. There was little difference between the predictions obtained from these two equations within the range of observed temperatures. Therefore, the simpler power-law model is preferred. However, there were substantial within-species differences between values of D predicted from extrapolations of the two models from 2 or 3°C down to 0°C. When more data for low temperatures become available it will be possible to make a more objective choice of model.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2427.1981.tb01267.x
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Water temperature in a stream gravel bed and implications for salmonid incubation (1990)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Freshwater biology 23 (1990), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2427
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: SUMMARY. 1. Water temperatures were recorded at hourly intervals in the gravel of a trout spawning area in a small stony stream at depths of 0–20 cm in 1985–86 and 0– 40 cm in 1987.2. As depth within gravel increased, the size of the daily fluctuations reduced and their time of occurrence was delayed by about 12 min cm−1′ in 1985–86 and about 6 min cm−1 in 1987.3. From October to February mean temperatures at 20 cm depth were, on average, 0.5°C higher than those at the gravel surface. This reflected elevated daily minima more than it reflected elevated daily maxima.4. From March to July daily minima were lower and daily maxima were higher in the stream than in the gravel. Consequences were: (a) an appreciable increase in mean daily range at all depths in the gravel during the summer, (b) higher daily means (by an average of about 0.4°C) in the water than in the gravel in May to August.5. Some implications for the early development of salmonid fish are considered.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2427.1990.tb00298.x
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Some physical and chemical effects of the Cow Green (Upper Teesdale) impoundment (1977)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Freshwater biology 7 (1977), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2427
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: SUMMARY. The paper describes observations on water temperature and dissolved oxygen in Cow Green reservoir and also changes caused by impoundment to temperature, chemistry, dissolved oxygen and the discharge regime of the River Tees immediately downstream of the dam.Impoundment and river regulation have considerably smoothed-out fluctuations in discharge of the Tees and have ehminated the very low and very high discharges which were characteristic of the natural river.Reservoir water levels show an annual pattern of draw-down during summer, refilling in autumn and overflow during winter and spring. Tliermal stratification of the reservoir occurs rarely and is generally of short duration. Water temperatures at mid-reservoir correspond closely to those of water discharged from the reservoir. The temperature regime in the river downstream is modified as follows:〈list xml:id="l1" style="custom"〉1reduction in amplitude of annual temperature fluctuations by 1–2°C,2marked reduction of diel fluctuations, (3) delay of the spring rise in water temperature by 20–50 days and of the autumn fall by 0–20 days. These temperature changes could reduce the annual maintenance ration of a 10 g brown trout (Salmo trutta L.) by about 15% and delay the annual peak of metabolism by about 1 month. The effect upon growth rate of trout would be negligible.Fluctuations in ionic content at the reservoir inflow are comparatively large and can be related approximately to river discharge. Fluctuations at the outflow are smaller and appear to be largely seasonal. Regulation has not appreciably altered the dissolved oxygen content of the River Tees.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2427.1977.tb01662.x
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Simplified methods of estimating daily mean stream water temperature (1990)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Freshwater biology 23 (1990), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2427
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: SUMMARY. 1. It was assumed that the average of twenty-four hourly temperature readings is the‘true’daily mean. For a small stream in upper Tees-dale, northern England, estimates of the daily mean were obtained from: (a) The mean of temperature readings taken at regular but less frequent intervals than hourly (twelve, six and three times per day), (b) The daily mid-point (=1/2(maximum + minimum)). (c)Spot temperatures at the two times in the day when the daily temperature trace usually crosses the daily mean value. These estimates were then compared with the‘true’mean.2. The accuracy of the estimate of daily mean decreased with reduced frequency of reading but, even at only three readings per day, was always within ±0.5°C of the true value. Consolidation of the daily estimates gave estimates of monthly and annual means within ±0.1°C of the true values.3. Nearly 96% of estimates of the daily mean based on the daily midpoint were within ±0.5°C of the true value. The estimates showed a small but statistically significant positive bias.4. Over 80% of estimates of the daily mean based on the‘first mean crossing’were within ±0.5°C of the true value and no bias could be shown.5. Estimation of daily means from temperature at the time of the 'second mean crossing’was relatively complicated and gave less satisfactory results than did the first mean crossing.6. The daily mid-point and the temperature at the time of the first mean crossing both gave a good general indication of daily mean temperatures. When consolidated to monthly or annual means the estimates were within ±0.25°C and ±0.10°C, respectively, of the true values.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2427.1990.tb00287.x
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Some impacts of human activities on trout, Salmo trutta, populations (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Freshwater biology 21 (1989), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2427
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: SUMMARY. 1. The life cycle of salmonid fishes is described.2. The performance and environmental requirements of the various life stages of the trout (Salmo trutta L.) are reviewed, (a) The literature gives predictive relationships between water temperature and rate of embryonic development, food requirements and growth rate, (b) Water temperature, intragravel oxygen supply rate, water pH, the occurrence of mechanical shock, disturbance of spawning gravels, sedimentation and water chemistry can all influence the survival of the intragravel stages, (c) The survival and/or well-being of the free-swimming stages and the success of spawning are influenced by such factors as dissolved oxygen concentration, pH, water depth, water velocity and water chemistry.3. Human activities such as impoundment, river transfer, drainage works, land improvement, afforestation and deforestation can all influence trout populations via changes in flow regime (and related effects such as sedimentation), temperature regime and water chemistry.4. Man can also influence trout populations directly by cropping for food and/or sport and by artificial stocking.5. Examples of practical application of present knowledge are given and some future research needs are listed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2427.1989.tb01345.x
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