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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Axoplasmic migration of protein a light microscopic autoradiographic study in the avian retino-tectal pathway (1971)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 12 (1971), S. 275-282 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Axoplasmic flow ; Autoradiography ; Protein ; Pigeon ; Retino-tectal pathway
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The distribution of labeled protein along the pigeon retino-tectal pathway was studied with light microscopic autoradiography after intraocular injection of 3H-l-leucine. Evidence was found that proteins synthesized in the ganglion cell perikarya migrate in the axoplasm. Some data suggested that two separate molecular waves reached regions rich in synaptic endings in the early phase after injection. Their respective speed of migration would be 100–500 mm/day and 20–60 mm/day. The most heavily labeled wave, advancing at a speed of 1–2 mm/day, was detected during the late phase after injection.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00237920
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Changes in pattern discrimination learning induced by visual deprivation in normal and commissurotomized pigeons (1978)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 31 (1978), S. 369-385 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Visual deprivation ; Commissurotomy ; Pigeon
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The effect of monocular (MD), binocular (BD) and alternating monocular (AMD) deprivation on monocular pattern discrimination learning and interocular transfer was investigated in pigeons reared with intact and sectioned supraoptic decussation (DSO). In BD and AMD animals acquisition and interocular transfer of two different pattern discrimination problems remained as good as in the control animals (CO). Monocularly deprived animals (MDE) required significantly more trials to learn the discriminations through the deprived eye, when it was trained first, and interocular transfer from the deprived to the experienced eye was absent. However, if the experienced eye was trained first (MED), learning with the deprived eye was at least as rapid as with the experienced eye. This indicates positive interocular transfer from the experienced to the deprived eye. Interocular transfer of pattern discriminations was completely blocked by section of the DSO in both adults (DSOad) and newly hatched animals (DSOjuv). The elimination of binocular interaction by commissurotomy from the beginning of the postnatal life failed to produce an impaired pattern discrimination learning in monocularly deprived animals (MD+DSO). The results are discussed in terms of competition between the projections from both eyes in the visual Wulst.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00237296
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Thalamic organization of the retmo-thalamo-hyperstriatal pathway in the pigeon (Columba Livia) (1974)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 19 (1974), S. 351-364 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Pigeon ; Visual system ; Thalamus ; Autoradiography ; Retrograde degeneration
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary 1. The distribution of labeled macromolecules was studied within the dorsolateral thalamic nuclei of the pigeon after unilateral intraocular injection of either 3H-proline, 3H-leucine or 3H-fucose. The highest densities of grains were found in nucleus dorsolateralis anterior, pars lateralis at its dorsolateral aspect (DLLd) and in nucleus lateralis anterior (LA) whereas moderate labeling was observed in the ventral aspect of DLL (DLLv) and in nucleus dorsolateralis anterior, pars magnocellularis (DLAmc). No significant label was found on the ipsilateral side. 2. After circumscribed unilateral ablation of the visual wulst, the cells in DLLv were most severely affected by retrograde degeneration, whereas DLLd, DLAmc and LA remained intact. Bilateral ablation of the wulst or combination of wulst damage with section of the supraoptic decussation gave rise to additional degeneration in DLLd, thus suggesting a contralateral retinotelencephalic pathway via DLLv and an ipsilateral retino-telencephalic pathway via DLLd and recrossing via DSO. LA and DLAmc represent relays in retinothalamo-telencephalic pathways of unknown destination. 3. DLLv was confirmed as relay in the contralateral retino-thalamo-hyperstriatal pathway in a combined series of experiments, where the autoradiographic and the retrograde degeneration techniques were applied in the same animal.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00234460
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Selective retrograde labeling with D-[3H]-aspartate in the monkey olivocerebellar projection (1987)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 66 (1987), S. 445-447 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Olivocerebellar projection ; Retrograde labeling ; Excitatory amino acids ; d-[3H]-aspartate ; Monkey ; Climbing fibers
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The specificity of d-[3H]-aspartate as a retrograde marker was investigated following large injections of this tritiated amino acid in the monkey cerebellar cortex. Retrogradely labeled neurons were found exclusively in the inferior olive, a fact which is consistent with previous studies in the rat. These results show that d-[3H]-aspartate is a selective tracer that might also be useful to delineate excitatory pathways using glutamate and/or aspartate as neuro-transmitter(s) in the monkey brain.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00243320
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    9-Fluorenylmethoxycarbonylpyroglutamate, a side-product of derivatization of glutamate with 9-fluorenylmethyl chloroformate: A warning
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Analytical Biochemistry 166 (1987), S. 431-434 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-2697
    Keywords: 9-fluorenylmethoxycarbonylpyroglutamate ; 9-fluorenylmethyl chloroformate ; amino acid analysis ; glutamate ; high-performance liquid chromatography ; neurochemistry
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0003-2697(87)90595-1
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Release of N-Acetylaspartylglutamate from Slices of Rat Cerebellum, Striatum, and Spinal Cord, and the Effect of Climbing Fiber Deprivation (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Journal of neurochemistry 63 (1994), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1471-4159
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract: The release of endogenous N-acetylaspartylglutamate (NAAG) from slices of rat cerebellum, striatum, and spinal cord upon depolarization with 50 mM K+ was investigated. NAAG in superfusates was prepurified using an ion exchanger, esterified, and then quantified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Deuterated NAAG was used as internal standard. A depolarization-induced release of NAAG was found in all three regions. The release was Ca2+ dependent to over 85% in cerebellum and striatum, but only to approximately 70% in spinal cord. In addition, the effect of lesions of the olivocerebellar pathway on the K+-induced release of NAAG was studied: Treatment of the animals with 3-acetylpyridine reduced the release of NAAG from cerebellar hemispheres significantly, by about 40% compared with controls. These results suggest that part of the NAAG released from cerebellar slices on depolarization is related to climbing fibers. Implications of these findings concerning possible physiological roles of NAAG in the three CNS regions are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1471-4159.1994.63031133.x
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of Climbing Fiber Deprivation on Release of Endogenous Aspartate, Glutamate, and Homocysteate in Slices of Rat Cerebellar Hemispheres and Vermis (1990)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of neurochemistry 54 (1990), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1471-4159
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract: Aspartate (Asp) and/or glutamate (Glu) have been proposed as putative excitatory transmitters released from synaptic terminals of the olivo-cerebellar climbing fiber afferents to the Purkinje cells. Investigations of the climbing fiber transmitter(s) separately for hemispheres and vermis were performed to examine whether the current controversy over the role of Asp as a neurotransmitter in the climbing fibers may be due to topographic differences. K+-induced Ca2+-dependent release of endogenous substances was investigated in slices of cerebellar hemisphere and vermis of control rats and those deprived of climbing fibers by 3-acetylpyridine (3-AP) treatment. A release of Asp and Glu, as well as a small but significant release of homocysteic acid (HCA) was confirmed in control rats. Climbing fiber deprivation by 3-AP treatment reduced the stimulated release of Asp by 48% in slices of cerebellar hemispheres, but not in vermis. Climbing fiber deprivation completely abolished the release of HCA in both hemispheres and vermis. The release of HCA, Asp, and Glu from slices of control and climbing fiber-deprived rats evoked by 50 mMK+ was 〉90% Ca2+-dependent. These results support the hypothesis that Asp is a transmitter candidate of the climbing fibers projecting to the cerebellar hemispheres, but not to the vermis, and provide the first evidence that HCA can be linked to a specific pathway.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-4159.1990.tb01201.x
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Neurotransmitter Receptor Ligand Binding and Enzyme Regional Distribution in the Pigeon Visual System (1982)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of neurochemistry 38 (1982), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1471-4159
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract: The relative importance of acetylcholine, dopamine, endogenous opiates, γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), glutamate, glycine, noradrenaline, and serotonin as transmitters in the pigeon visual system was estimated by measuring the activity of choline acetyltransferase (ChAT), glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD), and aromatic amino acid decarboxylase (AAD) as well as the binding of dihydroalprenolol, etorphine, kainic acid, muscimol, serotonin, spiroperidol, strychnine, and quinuclidinyl benzilate (QNB) in the tectum opticum, nucleus rotundus, ectostriatum, dorsolateral thalamus, and hyperstriatum (Wulst). As a nonvisual reference structure, the paleostriatal complex was included in the examination. The regional distribution of most of these parameters was very similar to data reported in the mammalian CNS supporting the hypothesis that the avian tectofugal and thalamofugal visual systems are homologous to the mammalian tecto-thalamo-cortical and retinogeniculo-striate pathways, respectively. On the basis of the low values of their parameters, some transmitters can be excluded as significant contributors in a number of structures. As a hypothesis for further investigations, the presence of cholinergic and serotoninergic systems in the Wulst, possibly originating in the dorsolateral thalamus and nucleus raphe, respectively, and of glycinergic and dopaminergic terminals in the paleostriatal complex is proposed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-4159.1982.tb07915.x
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    γ-Glutamylglutamine and Taurine Concentrations Are Decreased in the Cerebrospinal Fluid of Drug-Naive Patients with Schizophrenic Disorders (1995)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Journal of neurochemistry 65 (1995), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1471-4159
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract: HPLC and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analyses of 18 amino acids, N-acetylaspartate, N-acetylaspartyglutamate, and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid, derived from serotonin, and homovanillic acid, derived from dopamine, were performed in CSF collected from a group of patients with schizophrenia who either had been drug free for at least 1 year (n = 5) or were drug naive for psychotropic drugs (n = 21) and in 15 control subjects. Significant differences were found only for taurine (15% lower in the patients) and isoleucine (7% higher). A number of unidentified substances were detected, one of which proved to be markedly reduced (16%) among the schizophrenic patients. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry with continuous flow-fast atom bombardment interface allowed us to identify this substance as γ-glutamyglutamine. The decreased level of γ-glutamylglutamine may reflect a deficiency in the γ-glutamyltransferase system, a system probably involved in glutamate uptake, or a deficiency in glutamine, an important precursor of releasable glutamate. Although glutamate was nonsignificantly reduced in the patients, it was one of the five substances (including γ-glutamylglutamine) that were necessary for the best discrimination between the schizophrenic patients and the controls. These findings support the notion that the glutamatergic system is affected in schizophrenic disorders. In addition, they underscore the need to apply rigid bioanalytical techniques and use drug-naive patients to gain in-depth information on the pathophysiology of brain disorders such as schizophrenia.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1471-4159.1995.65062652.x
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    SYNAPTIC PROTEINS AND AXONAL FLOW IN THE PIGEON VISUAL PATHWAY (1971)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of neurochemistry 18 (1971), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1471-4159
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract— The protein supply of the synaptic ending by its nerve cell body has been studied in the retino-tectal system of the pigeon. [3H]Leucine was injected into the vitreous humor of one eye and the protein specific activity was determined for subcellular fractions of the retina and optic lobes and for the optic tracts. The results show that the perikaryon supplies newly synthesized proteins to its terminals. Two main waves of labelled macromolecules could be distinguished: one, migrating at a speed of 40 mm/day or more, is directly destined for the synaptic ending while the other, progressing at a rate of 1 mm/day, distributes along the entire axon.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-4159.1971.tb12010.x
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