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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of comparative physiology 78 (1972), S. 221-235 
    ISSN: 1432-1351
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The activity rhythms of 5 flying squirrels,Glaucomys volans, and 7 chipmunks,Tamias striatus, were examined under controlled conditions in the laboratory. Free-running, circadian rhythms were demonstrated using a total of 25 LL or DD experiments. With 46 LD schedules the limits of entrainment in a 24-hour day were determined, and the phase angle difference for each schedule measured.Glaucomys was able to synchronize to schedules ranging from 1 second of light per 24-hour day to at least 18 hours light per day with little or no change in the phase angle.Tamias showed an oscillatory type of entrainment when the photoperiod was less than 3 hours per 24-hour day or greater than 23 hours, but in the intervening region was capable of stable entrainment. A tendency was evident for the phase angle difference to become less positive as the LD ratio increased. InGlaucomys single, isolated light pulses of either one second or 24 hours duration were able to bring about relatively large shifts in the phase of the activity rhythm.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of comparative physiology 159 (1986), S. 161-169 
    ISSN: 1432-1351
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Behavioral aspects of photoentrainment of circadian locomotor activity rhythms were recorded for a nocturnal den-dwelling rodent, the flying squirrel,Glaucomys volans. Methods included both telemetric monitoring and infrared observations of animals under constant dark (DD) or light-dark (LD) schedules in either standard wheel cages or in newly developed simulated den cages. By means of the den cages, several aspects of a circadian activity cycle could be simultaneously measured emphasizing the arousal from rest, the light-sampling behavior by which a squirrel assessed the environmental photoregimen, and the phase-shifting by which photoentrainment was achieved. Each animal in a den cage remained for 12 or more hours of its rest period almost exclusively in the darkened nest box, then at an abrupt arousal time moved to the light-sampling porthole. In darkness each animal initiated wheel activity immediately after arousal; light at arousal time, however, induced a return to the nest box for a nap and a delay phase-shift in onset of activity of approximately 40 min. On subsequent days, each animal appeared to be free-running (τ FR〈 24 h) until onset again advanced into the light period. A squirrel usually viewed only a few minutes light per day, and on free-running days occasionally saw none of the 12-h light period. The significance of these data for theories of circadian photoentrainment is discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of comparative physiology 44 (1961), S. 331-354 
    ISSN: 1432-1351
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Zusammenfassung 1. Am nachtaktiven Flughörnchen, Glaucomys volans, wurden endogene und exogene Faktoren untersucht, die die tägliche Aktivität bestimmen. Der Beginn der Aktivität in Lauftrommeln an aufeinanderfolgenden Tagen lieferte das Kriterium, mit dessen Hilfe die Eigenschaften der endogenen Aktivitätsperiodik und quantitative Wirkungen des Lichtes auf die Periodik am besten erfaßt werden konnten. 2. In ununterbrochener Dunkelheit dauerte die Aktivitätsperiodik eines Flughörnchens über längere Zeitspannen mit gleichbleibender Frequenz an. Unterschiedliche Periodendauern gleichzeitig gemessener Flughörnchen und Phasenverschiebungen gegenüber der Ortszeit sprachen für die endogene Natur dieser Periodizitäten. Die Perioden hatten eine Dauer von 23–24 1/2 Std; der kleinste mittlere Fehler des Einzelwertes betrug ±2 min (gemessen über 15 Tage). Weder periodische noch aperiodische Geräusche beeinflußten die Aktivitätsperiodik der Hörnchen. 3. Dauernde Belichtung verlängerte die Periode. 4. Künstlicher oder natürlicher Licht-Dunkel-Wechsel synchronisierte die Flughörnchen derart, daß jeweils die Aktivitätszeit in die Dunkelzeit fiel. Offensichtlich waren hierfür Phasenverschiebungen verantwortlich, die auftraten, wenn Licht auf bestimmte Teile der Periode fiel. 5. Flughörnchen im Dauerdunkel wurden in Abständen von mehreren Tagen jeweils 10 min lang mit etwa 5 Lux belichtet. Derartige “Licht-Blitze“ bewirkten Phasenverschiebungen, deren Größe sich nach der getroffenen Phase richtete. Es ergab sich eine periodisch wechselnde Licht-Reaktion: Maximal verzögernde Phasenverschiebungen bei Beginn der Aktivität; anschließend 6–7 Std geringer werdende Phasenverschiebungen und schließlich eine kurze Zeitspanne, in der Beschleunigungen auftraten. Während der restlichen Stunden einer Periode, bis etwa 1 Std vor Aktivitätsbeginn, blieb der Licht-Blitz wirkungslos. 6. Ein ähnlicher Mechanismus für die Steuerung der Aktivitätsperiodik mag bei dunkelaktiven Nagetieren weit verbreitet sein.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] While all other vertebrates have extraretinal photoreceptive input to the circadian system5, in mammals the photoreceptors for entrainment and phase shifting are located in the eye6,7 A specialized retinal projection terminating in the suprachiasmatic nuclei of the hypothalamus conveys photic ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    ISSN: 0095-9898
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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