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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The potential role of cell adhesion molecules in the pathogenesis of diabetic neuropathy (1998)
    Springer
    Diabetologia 41 (1998), S. 330-336 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Keywords Diabetes mellitus ; cell adhesion molecules ; haemostatic factors ; nerve conduction velocity ; diabetic peripheral neuropathy.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Cross-sectional studies have shown plasma cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) to be increased in patients with diabetes-related complications. In the first prospective study of CAMs, we have shown that plasma CAMs may be a predictor of the development of diabetic neuropathy. We followed up 28 diabetic patients (13 neuropathic) over a 5 year period, starting from 1991. All patients had peroneal nerve conduction velocity (PNCV), vibration perception threshold and plasma CAMs measured at baseline and follow-up. We found P-selectin and intercellular adhesion molecule –1 (ICAM-1) to be increased at baseline in patients with neuropathy compared to non-neuropathic patients. P-selectin and E-selectin were also found to be significantly higher at baseline in patients who at follow-up showed deterioration in PNCV of more than 3 m/s (p 〈 0.05; p = 0.01; respectively). P-selectin and ICAM-1 strongly correlated with PNCV. Univariate and multivariate regression analyses showed a significant inverse association between increasing log P-selectin, log E-selectin and log ICAM-1 with decreasing PNCV, and remained significant even after adjustment for glycaemic control. P-selectin and E-selectin, odds ratios of 8.8 (95 %CI: 1.1–68.8; p = 0.038) and 12.5 (95 % CI: 1.2–132.1; p = 0.036), respectively, were significantly associated with the risk of deterioration of PNCV after 5 years. This study suggests that plasma cell adhesion molecules may play an important role in the development and progression of peripheral neuropathy in diabetes mellitus. [Diabetologia (1998) 41: 330–336]
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001250050911
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Structural improvement in a grassland soil after changes to wheel-traffic systems to avoid soil compaction (1998)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Soil use and management 14 (1998), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1475-2743
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract. We report on a study aimed at assessing improvements in soil structure that developed when a reduced ground-pressure traffic system was introduced onto grassland previously compacted by conventional machinery traffic, and when a zero traffic system was introduced on land previously under a reduced ground-pressure system. Increases in the volume, average size, and number of macropores, measured by image analysis, together with decreases in vane shear strength indicated structural improvement in soil under the substitute traffic systems relative to the same soil in the original systems. A smaller content of organic matter in the soil of the substitute systems than in the original systems was attributed to improved aeration and greater earthworm activity in the former.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-2743.1998.tb00604.x
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Soil structural quality, compaction and land management (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    European journal of soil science 48 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2389
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Soil compaction is a concern worldwide, particularly where compactible soils are used for intensive agriculture in a wet climate. We have investigated the impact of compaction and the associated changes in soil structural qualities on crop production and environmental pollution. The overall objective was to develop soil management systems that provide suitable conditions for crop growth and minimize environmental damage. We ran large-scale field experiments studying the preservation of structural quality in arable and permanent grassland, using management systems such as the control or elimination of field traffic and the application of conservation tillage and zero tillage. We measured bulk density, shear strength, cone resistance, macroporosity, relative diffusivity, air permeability and water infiltrability to identify soil qualities that could be used for selecting suitable soil management. Along with crop yield, we measured environmental impacts, such as the emissions of nitrous oxide from the soil, which require the interaction of soil structure and water content near the soil surface. Soil structure influenced wetness, which affected trafficability, compaction and nitrogen retention. Measurement of properties that affect fluid storage and transport, such as macroporosity, provided soil quality indices that helped in recommending suitable soil management systems. Spatial variation of structure associated with wheel-track locations could be estimated rapidly using a cone penetrometer. Variation was particularly important in determining crop yield consistency. Crop productivity and soil structural qualities were preserved best when field traffic was eliminated. A reduced ground-pressure system successfully minimized compaction in grassland but was less effective in an arable rotation. Unless traffic is eliminated, good timing of operations is the most effective way to preserve soil structural quality.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2389.1997.tb00559.x
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The response of a ryegrass sward to wheel traffic and applied nitrogen (1993)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Grass and forage science 48 (1993), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2494
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: The dry matter and nitrogen yield and estimated metabolizable energy of perennial ryegrass grown for silage were recorded from 1988 to 1990 for three levels of wheel traffic (zero, light and severe) at four rates of nitrogen fertilizer. The traffic treatments were applied by tractor wheels in the spring and summer of 1987 and in the spring of 1988 and 1990. First-harvest yields were reduced consistently by severe traffic: for example, at a rate of 100kg N ha-1, dry matter (DM) produced in the severe treatment was 58, 72 and 84% of that in the zero traffic treatment in successive years. Wheel traffic effects on yield were markedly smaller at second and third cuts than at first cut. Nitrogen uptake and apparent recovery of fertilizer nitrogen were usually less after the relatively severe traffic treatment than after zero or light traffic treatments. Denitrification fluxes, measured in the second and third years, indicated that gaseous losses of nitrogen were largest when soil compaction was greatest.Reduction of herbage yield at first cut in 1989, the year in which no wheel traffic had been applied at the start of the growing season, indicated that impaired soil physical conditions were implicated, quite apart from possible damage to the grass plants. Soil structure was damaged in both light and severe traffic treatments: in the latter, the volume of air-filled pores during the wetter periods early in each growing season was especially small (〈4%, v/v). It seemed likely, therefore, that poor aeration was a key factor in limiting both grass growth and nitrogen utilization.The effect of wheel traffic on herbage production tended to decline over the 3-year period of the experiment. However, it was not clear whether that trend was primarily a consequence of a progressive improvement in the structure of the most dense soil, or was a degree of variation caused by differences in weather patterns between years.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2494.1993.tb01841.x
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Soil compaction effects on utilization of nitrogen from livestock slurry applied to grassland (1998)
    Oxford BSL : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Grass and forage science 53 (1998), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2494
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: In order to determine whether wheel-induced soil damage affected the subsequent utilization of livestock slurry by grass managed for silage production, dry-matter yield and nitrogen offtake were compared in a replicated field experiment over three years in the presence or absence of soil compaction. Typical and zero compaction were compared in each year, and nominal controlled compaction was included in the two later years. Soil structure, as characterized by porosity and hydraulic conductivity measurements, was of poorest quality in the typical compaction treatment. Averaged over 3 years, typical compaction resulted in an annual yield reduction, relative to non-compaction, of 2·14 t has−1 (20%) and 1·66 t ha−1 (13%) when 198 and 285 kg N ha−1 respectively were provided as ammonium nitrate fertilizer plus slurry-derived ammonium-N. The largest and most consistent yield reductions as a result of compaction occurred at first harvest each year following slower growth on the most compacted soil of the typical treatment. In general, compaction-induced yield penalties increased with increased soil wetness. Offtake of nitrogen from both fertilizer alone and slurry and fertilizer combined was significantly reduced by soil compaction. First-harvest yield response to increasing N rate was larger in the zero compaction treatment than in the typical treatment. Averaged over 3 years, the total annual apparent recovery of applied nitrogen was 55% after typical compaction and 71% after zero compaction. It was likely that the larger proportion of non-recovered N in the former was lost as a consequence of greater surface run-off, denitrification and ammonia volatilization. Over 2 years, the yield and nitrogen offtake trends in the controlled compaction treatment were intermediate between those of the zero and typical treatments, and in general more similar to the former than to the latter.The results indicated that when livestock slurry is recycled as a source of nitrogen, prevention of soil compaction is an important component of efficient and environmentally protective grassland management.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2494.1998.00101.x
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Wheel-induced soil compaction effects on ryegrass production and nitrogen uptake (1991)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Grass and forage science 46 (1991), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2494
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Soil and crop responses to zero, small and large tyre/soil contact stresses applied by tractors were studied on a newly reseeded ryegrass sward during 1987 and 1988. The compactive efforts, applied during winter or at the time of spring fertilizer application or at first harvest, were sufficient to increase significantly bulk density in the topsoil layer compared with that in a zero traffic control treatment. The largest increases in soil bulk density occurred after spring-time traffic in the first year (1987) of the experiment. In both years, the resulting soil conditions after heavy compaction were relatively unconducive to primary grass growth and first cut yields; the soil was wetter (less well aerated), of greater strength and colder in the early spring, and warmer in the late spring than the soil in the zero and more lightly compacted treatments. During a relatively wet summer (1987) there were significant benefits to second and third cut yields from minimizing compaction; in the relatively dry summer of 1988 there were no compaction effects at second cut. In both years, impaired uptake of nitrogen was related closely to increased amount of traffic and soil density.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2494.1991.tb02401.x
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    An evaluation of the drop-disc technique for measurements of herbage production in ryegrass for silage (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Grass and forage science 49 (1994), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2494
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: The drop-disc method of estimating herbage dry-matter production was evaluated for ryegrass from growth commencement to the silage stage; the latter typically corresponded to a maximum dry matter (DM) mass of almost 7 t ha−1. A close linear relationship (r2= 0·829) was found between disc settlement height and DM mass up to 4–5 t ha−1 for the period when growth was mainly vegetative rather than reproductive. During the latter stage, the presence of stems and the occurrence of lodging had a detrimental effect on the quality of disc calibration data. The technique was demonstrably useful in experiments as a cheap, rapid and trouble-free method for monitoring the initiation of grass production and rate of production during the vegetative stage.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2494.1994.tb01998.x
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Soil compaction effects on second-harvest yields of perennial ryegrass for silage (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Grass and forage science 52 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2494
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Variation in dry-matter yield at second harvests was studied in a long-term comparison of wheel traffic systems and soil compaction in grassland for silage in Scotland. Yields were obtained from compacted soil subjected to conventional traffic (C), from less compacted soil in a reduced ground-pressure traffic system (R) and from non-compacted soil in a zero-traffic system (Z). Relationships between the ratios of second-harvest yields, C2/Z2 and C2/R2, and a number of soil, rainfall and crop parameters were tested by correlation analysis. The yield ratios increased significantly with the number of days after mowing before 2 mm of rain fell in 1 d (r= 0·923*** and 0·715*, for C2/Z2 and C2/R2 respectively), and C2/Z2, but not C2/R2, decreased with increasing amount of rainfall in the 14 d after first mowing (r= 0·787*). It was concluded that yield from compacted soil was greater than that from non-compacted soil because the former depended less on rainfall in the weeks after first mowing. The degree of soil compaction in the reduced ground-pressure traffic system, although maintaining first-harvest yield benefit, reduced the risk of significantly diminished yield at second harvest in dry summers.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2494.1997.tb02343.x
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Alteration of the structural attributes of a compact clay loam soil by growth of a perennial grass crop (1992)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 139 (1992), S. 195-202 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: bulk density ; epoxy resin impregnation ; image analysis ; macroporosity ; nitrogen ; stability ; strength ; structure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Soil aggregate stability, organic matter content, pH, bulk density, strength, and macropore attributes were assessed in order to evaluate the influence of grass root growth in a field sward. The amount of grass grown was varied by varying the quantity of applied nitrogen fertilizer: following one year with a uniform application rate, nitrogen fertilizer was applied over the subsequent three years to a compact soil at zero (N0), moderate (N1) and high (N2) rates. Differences in herbage production were evident in the three years of the contrasting nitrogen treatments. An index of soil aggregate stability increased in response to the increased grass growth promoted by heavier applications of nitrogen, but both bulk density and vane shear strength were unchanged. Binary images of the soil solid and pore space showed that for each treatment the largest volume of macropores occurred close to the surface, particularly in N0 where there was more pore space than in either N1 or N2. Analysis of the pore structure attributes of the binary images revealed further differences between treatments, in particular, at 40–80 mm depth, the soil in treatment N0 had fewer and smaller pores, and greater distance between pores, than the soil in the N1 and N2 treatments. The larger macropore volume in N1 and N2 constituted a major portion of the air-filled porosity when the soil was relatively wet. It was concluded that the root growth in the intensively cropped grassland was conducive to maintenance of a relatively stable and porous soil structure. An attendant increase in soil acidity close to the soil surface was a disadvantage of the larger nitrogen inputs.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00009310
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