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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of biodiversity on the functioning of trophic groups and ecosystems (2006)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 443 (2006), S. 989-992 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Over the past decade, accelerating rates of species extinction have prompted an increasing number of studies to reduce species diversity experimentally and examine how this alters the efficiency by which communities capture resources and convert those into biomass. So far, the generality of ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature05202
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ecosystem consequences of species richness and composition in pond food webs (2002)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 416 (2002), S. 837-841 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Resolving current concerns about the role of biodiversity on ecosystems calls for understanding the separate roles of changes in species numbers and of composition. Recent work shows that primary productivity often, but not always, saturates with species richness within single trophic ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/416837a
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    SPECIES TURNOVER AND THE REGULATION OF TROPHIC STRUCTURE (1997)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics 28 (1997), S. 467-494 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4162
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Trophic structure, the partitioning of biomass among trophic levels, is a major characteristic of ecosystems. Most studies of the forces that shape trophic structure emphasize either "bottom-up" or "top-down" regulation of populations and communities. Recent work has shown that these two forces are not mutually exclusive alternatives, but efforts to model their interaction still often yield unrealistic predictions. We focus on the problems involved with modeling situations in which community composition, including both the number of trophic levels and the species composition within a trophic level, can change. We review the development of these ideas, emphasizing in particular how compositional change can alter theoretical expectations about the regulation of trophic structure. A comparison of studies on the effects of predators and resource productivity in limnetic ecosystems reveals an intriguing disparity between the results of manipulative experiments and those of correlational studies. We suggest that this contrast is a result of the difference in the temporal scales operating in the two types of studies. Ecosystem-level variables may appear to approach an equilibrium in short-term press experiments; however, processes such as invasion and extinction of species will not have time to play out in most such experiments. We found that the responses of ecosystems to short-term experimental treatments involve less change in species composition than is found in natural communities that have diverged in response to local conditions over longer periods. We argue that the results of short-term experiments support the predictions of models in which the species pool does not change, whereas correlational studies among systems support theories that incorporate compositional change.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.28.1.467
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Testis morphology and spermatozeugma formation in three genera of viviparous halfbeaks: Nomorhamphus, dermogenys, and Hemirhamphodon (Teleostei: Hemiramphidae) (1995)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 225 (1995), S. 329-343 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The testes of 19 species of viviparous halfbeaks from three genera, Nomorhamphus, Dermogenys, and Hemirhamphodon, are examined histologically. The testes are unfused, paired organs running laterally along the body wall on either side of the gut. In all genera, primary spermatogonia are restricted to the distal termini of the testicular lobules just beneath the tunica albuginea, conforming to the typical atherinomorph testis type. The short efferent ducts empty into a single longitudinal main duct in each testis. All species package sperm in the form of unencapsulated sperm bundles, which are referred to as spermatozeugmata. The mechanism of packet formation and the resulting spermatozeugmata are similar in all five species of Nomorhamphus and in four species of Dermogenys, with each spermatocyst releasing several small spermatozeugmata. In the other four species of Dermogenys, the mechanism of packet formation is similar, and each spermatocyst releases a single, large spermatozeugma. The spermatozeugmata of six species of Hemirhamphodon are unlike those seen in the other two genera, with five different sperm bundle types described herein. The unique sperm bundles of the viviparous halfbeaks are compared with those of the internally fertilizing but oviparous halfbeak genus, Zenarchopterus, discussed within a phylogenetic framework, and hypothesized to be independently derived within the Atherinomorpha. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1052250305
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