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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Quantitative trait loci analysis affecting contextual conditioning in mice (1997)
    [s.l.] : Nature Genetics
    Nature genetics 17 (1997), S. 335-337 
    Details
    ISSN: 1546-1718
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: [Auszug] Some of the genes in these memory pathways are known. For example, inactivation of either Camk2a (encoding calmodulin fcinase II, alpha subunit), Syn2 (encoding synzpsin II), Creb1 (encoding the cAMP responsive element binding protein 1) or Grml (encoding the metabotrophic glutamate receptor, 1) ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ng1197-335
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Genotype-dependent effects of GABAergic agents on sedative properties of ethanol (1989)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 98 (1989), S. 518-523 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Ethanol ; GABA ; Bicuculline ; Sedation ; Genetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Two lines of mice, selectively bred for differential sensitivity to the soporific effects of ethanol (ETOH), were administered GABAergic drugs in an effort to evaluate a role for GABA in ETOH sensitivity. ETOH sensitive Long-Sleep mice (LS) showed potentiated ETOH sedation when administered bicuculline, muscimol and aminooxyacetic acid (AOAA). ETOH-insensitive SS mice exhibited reduced ETOH sedation in the presence of the antagonists, bicuculline and picrotoxin, and potentiated sedation in the presence of muscimol and AOAA. These changes in narcosis duration were interpreted as central effects, since blood ethanol levels at waking from ETOH sedation varied with GABAergic drug treatment. Picrotoxin antagonized pentobarbital-induced nacrosis in both lines, but to a greater extent in SS mice. These and other experiments with a genetically heterogeneous stock suggest GABA involvement in genotype-dependent ETOH sensitivity, but do not support a simple role of GABA receptor involvement.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00441952
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Convulsant properties of GABA antagonists and anticonvulsant properties of ethanol in selectively bred Long- and Short-Sleep mice (1989)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 98 (1989), S. 544-548 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Ethanol ; Bicuculline ; Picrotoxin ; Seizures ; Genetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The convulsant potency of bicuculline, a GABA antagonist, was shown to be greater in Short-Sleep (SS) mice than in Long-Sleep (LS) mice. LS mice, selectively bred for lengthy ethanol-induced narcosis, had longer latencies to myoclonus and clonus following administration of bicuculline and picrotoxin than did ethanol-resistant SS mice. SS mice were also more susceptible to pentylenetetrazol-induced myoclonus, but not clonus. F1 hybrids showed bicuculline seizure sensitivity intermediate to the two parent lines. Ethanol weakly inhibited bicuculline-induced myoclonus in both LS and SS mice. Clonus was clearly antagonized by ethanol in both lines, but to a similar degree. These data provide evidence for a GABAergic role in geno-type-dependent sensitivity to ethanol.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00441957
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Distinctions among sedative, disinhibitory, and ataxic properties of ethanol in inbred and selectively bred mice (1990)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 101 (1990), S. 93-99 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Ethanol ; Pharmacogenetics ; Long-Sleep ; Short-Sleep ; Ataxia
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Three different domains of behavioral action of ethanol (ETOH) were examined in a battery of seven inbred strains and in the selectively bred Long-Sleep (LS) and Short-Sleep (SS) mice. Sedative effects were examined with the loss of the righting reflex test at 3.8 g/kg. The variation among inbred strains was only half the size of the difference between LS and SS mice which were selectively bred for extremes in this phenotype; such a result is expected for phenotypes controlled polygenically. Blood ETOH levels at waking from the narcosis also showed a range of differences among the inbred strains that was less than the LS/SS difference. Ataxia was measured with the grid test, and the inbred strains fell into two groups, resembling the highly ataxic LS line, and the less ataxic SS line. Biphasic effects of ETOH on locomotor activity were strongly genotype dependent. Variation in degree of activation/disinhibition produced by doses up to 1.5 g/kg (IP) ranged from no activation, in the C57BL/6Abg strain, to a stimulation effect in the MOLD/RkAbg strain which was larger than that seen for SS mice. The patterns of strain differences for both ataxia and activation were highly different from the duration of loss of righting reflex measure, suggesting multiple independent genetically based “sensitivities” to ETOH.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02253724
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of gamma-butyrolactone, amphetamine, and haloperidol in mice differing in sensitivity to alcohol (1980)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 68 (1980), S. 89-97 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Alcohol ; Pharmacogenetics ; Dopamine ; Gamma-butyrolactone ; d-Amphetamine ; Haloperidol
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Gamma-butyrolactone (GBL) induced longer loss of righting reflex in mice (LS-line) selectively bred for greater sensitivity to ethanol than in less sensitive SS-line mice. GBL also induced a three-fold greater increase of brain dopamine levels in LS than in SS mice. Among three inbred strains, GBL-induced loss of righting reflex was greater in BALB/c, and greater in DBA/2 than in C57BL/6 mice. A low dose of GBL produced biphasic effects on locomotor activity. Both an initial depressant action and a later increase in activity were greater in LS than in SS mice. These GBL effects on activity were modified in a genotypedependent fashion by amphetamine. Results of these experiments as well as greater catalepsy-inducing properties of haloperidol in SS mice suggest that genotypic influences on motor reactivity to ethanol may be modeled by GBL effects on brain dopamine systems.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00426656
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Stimulant and depressant properties of sedative-hypnotics in mice selectively bred for differential sensitivity to ethanol (1983)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 82 (1983), S. 46-51 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Alcohols ; Locomotor activity ; Coordination ; Pharmacogenetics ; Acetaldehyde ; Pentobarbital
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract A genetic analysis of sedative-hypnotic response in selectively bred Long-Sleep (LS) and Short-Sleep (SS) mice showed LS mice to be more depressed by acetaldehyde, ethanol (ETOH), and t-butanol, but less sensitive to pentobarbital. Intermediate inheritance was shown by the two reciprocal F1 hybrids for the alcohols, but dominance to the LS genotype occurred for the aldehyde and the barbiturate. At severa subhypnotic doses of ETOH in two experiments, LS mice showed less locomotor stimulation and greater disruption of coordination than the SS mice. The two reciprocal F1 hybrids did not differ form one another and had dose-response curves intermediated to the two parental lines. Study of the effects of t-butanol on locomotor activity revealed a pattern of line differences similar to that for ETOH. The genetic selection for LS and SS mice appears to have differentiated loci that pleiotropically influence a variety of behavioral responses to alcohols.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00426379
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A biometrical genetic analysis of ethanol response in selectively bred Long-Sleep and Short-Sleep mice (1984)
    Springer
    Behavior genetics 14 (1984), S. 1-19 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-3297
    Keywords: Mice ; alcohol ; selective breeding ; pharmacogenetics ; biometrical genetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Psychology
    Notes: Abstract A classical Mendelian cross was derived from Long-Sleep (LS) and Short-Sleep (SS) mice, lines selectively bred for differences in response to hypnotic doses of ethanol (ETOH). Biometrical genetic procedures applied to the selection phenotype, namely, duration of the ETOH-induced loss of the righting reflex, suggest that a simple additive genetic system controls this depressant response. Sex differences were present in the Mendelian cross generations that had the longest duration responses. An estimate of the number of loci differentiated by the selection was nine. Blood ethanol levels at the time of regaining the righting reflex in the seven genotypes of the Mendelian cross showed that the selection operated solely by changing tissue sensitivity to ethanol.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01066065
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Comparisons of subcolonies of selectively bred Long-Sleep and Short-Sleep mice (1993)
    Springer
    Behavior genetics 23 (1993), S. 245-250 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-3297
    Keywords: Long-Sleep and Short-Sleep mice ; ethanol ; sublines ; sedation ; locomotor activity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Psychology
    Notes: Abstract The Albany subcolony of the selectively bred Long- and Short-Sleep mice was directly compared to the original Colorado colony. As expected from the additional selection applied to the Colorado colony, small differences in the selection phenotype, loss of the righting reflex duration following ethanol treatment, were observed in the Short-Sleep line. However, no colony differences existed in three other indices of ethanol effects. Clear line differences in the shape of the locomotor activity dose-response curve, thermoregulatory effects of ethanol, and ethanol elimination rate replicated earlier findings, but these differences were similar in the two colonies. These data argue for stability of the polygenic control system and provide a picture of remarkable similarity of the two sublines, which were separated by more than 30 generations.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01082462
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Selective breeding, congenic strains, and other classical genetic approaches to the analysis of alcohol-related polygenic pleiotropisms (1993)
    Springer
    Behavior genetics 23 (1993), S. 179-189 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-3297
    Keywords: Polygenic ; pleiotropism ; genetic correlation ; congenic strain ; selected lines ; alcohol sensitivity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Psychology
    Notes: Abstract Dimensions of behavioral sensitivities to alcohol in mice are under control of polygenic systems of relatively small size. The mode of inheritance of these phenotypes is frequently additive, with no evidence of dominance, epistasis, or sex linkage. The utility of classical breeding methodologies, such as selection, for assessment of genetic correlations is reviewed. A distinction is drawn between pleiotropisms in these polygenic systems, and the statistical concept of a genetic correlation. Development of congenic strains is argued to be a powerful alternative methodology, heretofore unused in alcohol pharmacogenetics. Using the phenotype of behavioral activation produced by a low dose of ethanol, we describe the production of an activated congenic strain on the non-activated background of the C57BL/6 mouse strain. Through five generations of repeated backcrossing, from a genetically heterogenous stock, “activational” alleles are being successfully transferred to the C57BL/6 background. Theoretical issues in the creation of congenic strains in potentially polygenic systems are covered, including number of effective loci and heritability.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01067423
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Generality of observational skill across verbal and nonverbal modes: Literature review and experimental test (1984)
    Springer
    Journal of nonverbal behavior 8 (1984), S. 172-186 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-3653
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Psychology
    Notes: Abstract The resurgence of interest in observational skills and in the generality or specificity of those skills is credited to recent research on individual differences in abilities to decode nonverbal messages. The issues involved in identifying general and specific factors of accuracy are traced to developments in earlier research on observation and to events that shaped contemporary negativism toward observers. An experiment on observational generality, across two different observational settings and three types of observational cues illustrates how easily either bias — toward generality or specificity of skills — can be demonstrated.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00987289
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