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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Decreased Cerebrospinal Fluid Glutamine Levels in Patients with Benign Brain Tumors (1985)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of neurochemistry 45 (1985), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1471-4159
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract: CSF glutamine concentrations were studied in 12 patients with benign brain tumors (meningioma, craniopharyngioma, or osteofibroma), 12 patients with malignant brain tumors (astrocytoma, medulloblastoma, pinealoblastoma, or chondrosarcoma), 9 patients with non-cerebral tumors, and a reference group of 24 patients. The mean ± SD levels in the benign tumor group (424 ± 124 μM) were significantly lower (p 〈 0.0004) than those in the reference group (642 ± 195 μM). There was no significant difference between the CSF glutamine concentrations in the malignant cerebral tumor group (643 ± 210 μM) or noncerebral tumor group (599 ± 127 μM) and those in the reference group. In patients with benign brain tumors there was indication of an inverse linear relationship between the logarithm of CSF glutamine concentration and tumor diameter.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-4159.1985.tb04066.x
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Pharmacokinetics of Antimony in Patients Treated with Sodium Stibogluconate for Cutaneous Leishmaniasis (1995)
    Springer
    Pharmaceutical research 12 (1995), S. 113-116 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-904X
    Keywords: antimony ; sodium stibogluconate ; pentavalent antimonials ; pharmacokinetics ; cutaneous leishmaniasis ; antimony in whole blood ; urinary excretion of antimony ; interpatient variability
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The pharmacokinetics of Sb was examined in 29 patients with cutaneous leishmaniasis following the intramuscular administration of a dose of sodium stibogluconate equivalent to 600 mg of Sb. Blood was sampled at different time intervals from each patient and Sb was measured in whole blood by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrophotometry after an appropriate dilution with Triton X-100. The 24-hr urine- was also collected and analyzed similarly. The blood concentration-time data conformed to the one-compartment open model with mean and (SEM) of the apparent first-order rate constants for absorption (ka) and elimination (kd) of 1.71 (0.15) and 0.391 (0.016) hr−1, respectively. The maximum concentration of Sb achieved was 8.77 (0.39) mg/L and the peak time was 1.34 (0.09) hr. The total body clearance (TBC) and the volume of distribution (Vd) were 17.67 (1.38) L/hr and 45.7 (2.6) L, respectively, assuming a complete absorption. The fraction of dose of Sb excreted in the urine was 0.80 (0.07) and the renal clearance was 12.7 (1.16) L/hr. The frequency distribution pattern of the area-under-the-curve (AUC) appears to be bimodal and separates patients into those with low exposure to Sb (AUC = 11.7-29.04 mg.hr/L) (i.e., rapid eliminators) and those with high exposure to Sb (AUC = 31.5-49.1 mg.hr/ L) (i.e., slow eliminators). This may explain the variability observed in the response to treatment of leishmaniasis with sodium stibogluconate.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1016251023427
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Determination of Acrolein in Urine by Liquid Chromatography and Fluorescence Detection of Its Quinoline Derivative (1993)
    Springer
    Pharmaceutical research 10 (1993), S. 1587-1590 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-904X
    Keywords: liquid chromatography ; derivatization ; cyclophosphamide metabolites ; therapeutic monitoring ; bone marrow transplant ; cancer
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract We describe an assay for acrolein in urine, employing derivatization with m-aminophenol in the presence of ferrous sulfate solution in sulfuric acid. The derivative (7-OH quinoline; DER) and the internal standard (quinine-bisulfate; IS) were separated on a l0-µm particle, 8 mm × 10-cm C18 cartridge in conjunction with a radial compression system using a mixture of 0.05 M dibasic ammonium phosphate solution (pH 2.5):acetonitrile:methanol (92:6:2) at a flow rate of 3 mL/min as a mobile phase. The effluent was monitored fluorometrically at excitation and emission wavelengths of 360 and 495 nm, respectively. The retention times of DER and IS under these conditions were 4.3 and 26 min, respectively, and no interference in the assay from any endogenous substance or other concomitantly used drug was observed. The assay was highly linear (r〉 0.994) in the range 1–20 µg/mL of acrolein in urine (CV at different concentrations, ≤7.9%). This method can serve to monitor acrolein pharmacokinetics in patients.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1018964401677
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Capillary Gas Chromatography and Thermionic N-P-Specific Detection of 13-Bis(2-chloroethyl)-l-nitrosourea (BCNU) or l-(2-Chloroethyl)-3-cyclohexyl-l-nitrosourea (CCNU) in Stability and Pharmacokinetic Studies (1988)
    Springer
    Pharmaceutical research 5 (1988), S. 220-225 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-904X
    Keywords: capillary gas chromatography ; analysis ; stability ; pharmacokinetics ; carmustine ; lomustine
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract An expedient, rapid, and sensitive capillary gas chromatographic method for the analysis of l,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)-l-nitrosourea (BCNU) or l-(2-chloroethyl)-3-cyclohexyl-l-nitrosourea (CCNU) in plasma is described. Separation of the underivatized nitrosourea compounds was performed on a 0.33-mm-i.d., 25-m fused-silica, SE-30 capillary column, and detection was carried out using a thermionic N–P-specific detector. The compounds were extracted from plasma with benzene with a yield of 〉87%. The assay was linear in the ranges of 0.001 to 0.5 and 0.5 to 25 µg/ml for CCNU or 0.003 to 0.50 and 0.5 to 25 µg/ml for BCNU, with correlation coefficients from 0.9914 to 0.9999 and coefficients of variation (CV) of 〈3.3%. Other antineoplastic agents did not interfere in the assay. The method was employed to study the pharmacokinetics of BCNU in rabbits. The plasma concentration-time curves were fit to a two-compartment model with a mean (SE) α, β, and total-body clearance of 2.898 (0.913) hr−1, 0.1228 (0.0179) hr−1, and 7.211 (2.862) liters/hr · kg, respectively. Further, the stability of BCNU and CCNU in solution was examined at different temperatures. Both compounds were stable in benzene or acetone (4 to 37°C) but labile in plasma even if refrigerated. The apparent rate constants for degradation of BCNU and CCNU were 0.09921 and 0.02853 hr−1 at 4°C and 5.998 and 2.553 hr−1 at 37°C, respectively.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1015989612562
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Pharmacokinetics of Platinum in Cancer Patients Treated with Carboplatin in Combination with High-Dose Methotrexate (1989)
    Springer
    Pharmaceutical research 6 (1989), S. 492-496 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-904X
    Keywords: carboplatin ; pharmacokinetics ; platinum, total, ultrafilterable ; urinary excretion ; cancer patients ; chemotherapy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The pharmacokinetics of platinum was investigated in 10 cancer patients treated with a 1-hr infusion of 300 mg/m2 of carboplatin which was given 2–4 days after the administration of 100 mg/kg (20-mg/kg bolus and 80-mg/kg intravenous infusion) of methotrexate. Platinum was analyzed in the samples by flameless atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The concentration vs time data for total platinum in plasma followed a two-compartment model and the mean (and SE) values for β, TBC, V c, and RC were 0.0827 (0.22) hr−1, 2.355 (0.252) liters/hr · m2, 10.74 (0.62) liters/m2, and 2.405 (0.228) liters/hr · m2, respectively. There was no significant change in the creatinine clearance or TBC with repeated treatment. The ultrafilterable platinum which was measured in the plasma of two patients constituted 82 and 11.3% of the total platinum at 1 and 24 hr, respectively, and the data conformed to the one-compartment model. The mean (SE) values for t β, TBC, and V d for free platinum were 1.844 (0.208) hr, 4.583 (1.059) liters/hr · m2, and 11.88 (1.45) liters/m2, respectively. The above data are in good agreement with those reported earlier for platinum following the administration of carboplatin as a single agent. These results suggest that high-dose methotrexate therapy, when administered 2–4 days before carboplatin, does not affect the pharmacokinetics of platinum in the plasma.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1015920524065
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Steady-state kinetics of doxepin and imipramine in Saudi patients with interethnic comparison (1988)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 95 (1988), S. 63-67 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Doxepin ; Imipramine ; Steady state ; Kinetics ; Interethnic difference
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The pharmacokinetics of doxepin (DX) was studied in 21 Saudi patients treated long term with oral doses of this tricyclic antidepressant agent. The mean (SEM) values of the dose-normalized steady-state concentration and the apparent clearance after oral administration of this drug were 25.8 (4.8) ng·ml-1/mg·kg-1 and 2.529 (0.342) l·h-1·kg-1, respectively. The pharmacokinetics of impramine (IMI) was also studied in 30 Saudi patients who received oral doses of this drug for long durations. The mean dose-normalized steady-state concentration of IMI was 68.3 (19.7) ng·ml-1/mg·kg-1, and the mean apparent clearance after oral administration of IMI was 1.619 (0.353) l·h-1·kg-1. The mean (SEM) ratio of the steady-state concentration of the metabolite desipramine (DES) to that of IMI (DES/IMI) was 0.873 (0.151). Using this value and the ratio of the mean apparent clearance after oral administration (TCL) of DES to that of IMI, the fraction of IMI metabolized to DES was calculated to be 0.489. The TCL of DES was estimated from data obtained for three additional patients who received oral doses of this drug for long durations. A mean value of 0.907 (0.351) l·h-1·kg-1 was obtained.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00212768
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Simplified Determination of Antipyrine Clearance by Liquid Chromatography of a Microsample of Saliva or Plasma (1991)
    Springer
    Pharmaceutical research 8 (1991), S. 269-272 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-904X
    Keywords: antipyrine ; drug metabolism ; metabolic liver function ; hepatitis ; P-450 activities ; liquid chromatography
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract We describe a simplified and rapid liquid chromatographic determination of antipyrine clearance (CLAP) calculated from peak height ratios of drug/internal standard. Saliva or plasma was collected 24 hr after the oral administration of 1 g of antipyrine to the subject. A 25-µl aliquot of the sample is deproteinized with acetonitrile containing 3-nitrophenol (internal standard) and injected into a radial compression module equipped with a 10-µm, 8 mm × 10-cm C18 cartridge, using a 0.025 M aqueous solution of sodium acetate and acetonitrile (88.5:11.5). The minimum measurable concentration was 0.2 µg/ml. The obtained CLAP values in five healthy subjects and five patients with chronic liver disease coincided well (r 〉 0.9994) with those generated by the use of an established method. The antipyrine clearance in the healthy subjects ranged from 2.203 to 5.721 liters/hr, while in patients with chronic liver disease it was significantly (P 〈 0.0027) less (range, 0.544 to 1.103 liter/hr). We also determined antipyrine clearance in two of these subjects given lower doses of this drug and found that the dose has no significant impact on this parameter.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1015816825920
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Analysis of Hydroxyurea in Capsules and Aqueous Solution and Stability Study with Capillary Gas Chromatography and Thermionic (N–P) Specific Detection (1992)
    Springer
    Pharmaceutical research 9 (1992), S. 115-118 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-904X
    Keywords: capillary gas chromatography ; analysis ; stability ; urea derivative ; capsules ; mass spectrometry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract A method for the analysis of hydroxyurea (HU) in solutions, powder, or capsules by use of capillary gas chromatography with N–P thermionic specific detection is described. Upon injection of an HU solution in a methanol and acetone mixture, the drug formed pyridine which was well separated from the internal standard (thiotepa) on a 30-m fused-silica, SE-30 capillary column with temperature programming. The peak height ratio versus concentration standard curves were linear with correlation coefficient ranging between 0.9942 and 0.9993. The coefficients of variation at 5, 25, and 50 µg/L were 7.2, 5.7, and 5.5%, respectively. Hydroxyurea was extracted from powder or capsule formulations with a mixture of methanol and acetone (50:50, v:v), and the percentage found of the label claim for 10 capsules ranged between 96.7 and 104.9 (mean = 100.1; CV = 2.7%). Further, this assay was used to examine the stability of hydroxyurea in aqueous solutions at 4, 23, and 45°C, and the apparent first-order rate constants observed at these temperatures were 0.06407, 0.08113, and 0.1293 day-1, respectively; the activation energy was 3011 cal · K-1 mol-1.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1018996130753
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Simultaneous Microdetermination of Rifampin, Deacetylrifampin, Isoniazid, and Acetylisoniazid in Plasma by Liquid Chromatography with Dual Electrochemical and Spectrophotometric Detection (1992)
    Springer
    Pharmaceutical research 9 (1992), S. 812-816 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-904X
    Keywords: drug monitoring ; tuberculosis ; microsamples ; acetylator phenotype ; metabolites ; liquid chromatography ; dual detection
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract A rapid liquid chromatographic method for simultaneous determination of isoniazid (INH), acetylisoniazid (AINH), rifampin (RIF), and deacetylrifampin (DARIF) in microsamples of deproteinized plasma is described. The compounds and internal standard (IS) (diphenylcarbazide) were separated on a 10-µm, 8 mm × 10-cm phenyl Radial Pak cartridge in conjunction with a binary linear gradient system at a flow rate of 3 ml/min. A dual electrochemical (+ 800 mV) and Spectrophotometric (334 nm) detection system with a computerized data station was employed to measure the above compounds in the effluent. Prior to injection, the plasma sample was diluted (2:1) with a pH 3, 0.075 M phosphate buffer after adding the internal standard (6.67 µg/ml of plasma) and passed through an Amicon Centrifree-MS filter at 2000g. Under these conditions, no interference in the analysis was observed, and the retention times of AINH, INH, IS, DARIF, and RIF were 3.95, 4.89, 15.82, 17.25, and 19.34 min, respectively. The linearity of the assay for all four compounds was excellent (r 〉 0.9925), and the between- and within-day CV was not 〉8% at any concentration. This method is currently being used for therapeutic monitoring and pharmacokinetic studies of INH, RIF, and their major metabolites in patients with tuberculosis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1015867925185
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