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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Development genes and evolution 106 (1925), S. 353-356 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Amphibia ; Cleavage cycle ; Gastrulation ; Asymmetry ; Time-lapse cinematography
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The animal and the vegetative side of 15 embryos ofXenopus laevis were studied from the 5th cleavage to gastrulation by means of time-lapse cinematography. The duration of cleavage cycles, defined for the embryo as a whole as the period between the earliest blastomere divisions of one cycle to those of the next, varies quite a lot between individual embryos, both with respect to synchronous and lengthened cycles. Cycle lengthening may start at either cycle 10, 11 or 12. Cycle 13 deviates from the individual rhythm, and moreover its duration is inversely correlated with the period elapsing from the beginning of this cycle to the onset of gastrulation which occurs in cycles 14 or 15. In each cleavage cycle, the regional sequence of first blastomere divisions is visible on films as a “cleavage wave” runming over the animal cap. The direction of the waves varies in different embryos during the synchronous period but begins to change from cycle 10 onwards, resulting in a similar direction in most embryos prior to gastrulation: from the ventral/left to the dorsal/right half. This change reflects an asymmetry in the lengthening of the cycles in the animal cap: more dorsally than ventrally, and more on the right than on the left. The possible significance of the results for the timing of gastrulation and for the pattern of the future embryo is discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Amphibia ; Cleavage cycle ; Epiboly ; Time-lapse photography
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Measurements were made of the external surface areas occupied by animal and vegetal blastomeres and their daughter cells at successive cleavage cycles in 15 embyros of Xenopus laevis. On the animal side, after each cleavage a general area increase (epiboly) occurs from cycle 4 (16-cell stage, stage 5) to cycle 10 (stage 8 1/2), while on the vegetal side there is a slight general area decrease after each cleavage from cycle 6 to cycle 10. The comparison between the external surface areas of individual animal blastomeres and those of their daughter cells, visible at the next cycle, shows a significantly larger increase after radial than after tangential cleavage, a difference that may be connected with the insertion of new membrane into the external surface at radial cleavage.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Amphibia ; Cleavage cycle ; Cleavage wave ; Asymmetry ; Time-lapse cinematography
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The animal and the dorsal side of five embryos of Xenopus laevis were studied in detail from the 7th to the 13th cleavage by means of time-lapse cinematography. At each cleavage the regionally ordered sequence of blastomere divisions is visible in the films as a “cleavage wave”, propagating about three times slower in the dorsal than in the animal view. In the dorsal view the waves run in an animal-vegetal direction, initially with a left-to-right deviation and in later cleavages converging on the region of the future blastopore. The lengthening of cleavage cycles begins at cycle 8 on the dorsal side, just above the future blastopore. From cycle 9 to 11 nearly equal lengthening occurs in each cycle at all animal-vegetal levels. In general, cycles lengthen a little more in median than in lateral sectors and a little more in right than in left sectors. Cycle 12 is longest in the sector above the future blastopore and shortest in the animal region. The results show that the initial pattern of a regionally ordered sequence of cleavage cycles of equal duration changes into a pattern of cycles of different durations as a result of gradual cycle lengthening, starting in the region just above the future blastopore and spreading in animal direction. The results are compared with data on the cleavage cycles of isolated blastomeres, and the possible relation with the induction of the mesoendoderm occurring during the stages studied is discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 115 (1950), S. 323-324 
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 115 (1951), S. 325-326 
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 116 (1952), S. 377-378 
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 109 (1939), S. 649-652 
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 118 (1955), S. 464-464 
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 111 (1942), S. 311-314 
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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