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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Fish physiology and biochemistry 7 (1989), S. 273-278 
    ISSN: 1573-5168
    Keywords: American eel ; plasma catecholamines ; types of stress ; osmoregulation ; intermediary metabolism ; catecholaminotropic interactions ; chromaffin cells
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract While the three catecholamines (CAs) dopamine (DA), norepinephrine (NE) and epinephrine (E), are wide-spread in tissues of the American eel (Anguilla rostrata), the bulk of these CAs in the systemic blood originates from chromaffin cells in the wall of the posterior cardinal veins. In addition, the brain and unidentified structures in the opisthonephric kidney also release appreciable quantities of CAs. The functional realms attributed to systematically circulating CAs in teleosts comprise cardiovascular, respiratory, osmoregulatory, metabolic and endocrinotropic actions. In the eel, cardiovascular and respiratory effects are well established. However, we were unable to prove a physiological role of the CAs in osmoregulation. On the other hand, the eel is the only species among five vertebrates of greatly varying phylogenetic position (the others: hagfish, lamprey, rat, human) in which physiological doses of E were hyperglycemic. As in lamprey and rat, DA and NE are released in the eel by physiological doses of E. In addition, DA and NE also release the respective other two CAs. The physiological significance of the catecholaminotropic (CA-tropic) interactions remains to be established; however, the CA-tropic effect of E does not require the presence of the brain or ‘preganglionic’ nerve cells. In the eel, mild stress causes an immediate ‘unorthodox’ drop of plasma CAs, while stronger stress is followed by the expected increase of plasma CAs.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of ornithology 117 (1976), S. 257-278 
    ISSN: 1439-0361
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Against the background of recent embryological, morphological, physiological and biochemical studies, peculiarities of three different avian endocrine systems are discussed: pineal complex, hypothalamo-hypophysial system, and gastrointestinal endocrine system. Despite the marked photosensitivity of the birds in general, their pineal complex is reduced to an intracranial pineal gland, which shows a very high degree of functional autonomy when released from photoperiodic control. The complete absence of the pineal complex in the alligators suggests that this may be due to phylogenetic rather than adaptive reasons. The hypothalamo-hypophysial system is basically of reptilian type, but shows three marked specializations: (1) the highly developed median eminence consists of two distinct regions; (2) the Pars distalis is located so, that both of its subdivisions (cephalic and caudal lobe) appear to receive distinctly separate vascularisation from the median eminence; (3) the birds as a group lack a Pars intermedia. Within the gastrointestinal endocrine system of birds, the most obvious peculiarities identified so far are connected with the islet organ: insulin-producing B-cells and glucagonproducing A-cells are largely separated in different islets, and contrary to the situation in other tetrapodes, the avian adipose tissue is insulin-insensitive. The endocrine control of the adipose tissue involves an indirect anabolic route via prolactin-induced hepatic lipogenesis, and a direct catabolic route, via pancreatic glucagon. When compared with other groups of gnathostomes, the pineal gland, adenohypophysis and islet organ of the birds show a particularly strong trend towards independence from secretomotor innervation. With respect to the adenohypophysial and islet innervation, the birds represent the opposite extreme to the teleosts, whose adenohypophysis and islet organ are particularly well innervated. Birds and teleosts are compared with the Myxinidae, whose endocrine system is particularly poorly developed. It is hypothesized that the differences between the endocrine systems of these three groups reflect three different ways of adjustment to environmental conditions: (1) teleosts actively adjust to a continuous challenge from external osmolarity, whose control has to be integrated with the “milieu interne” and nutritional factors. They developed a highly sophisticated control system of their endocrines, which is capable of overriding humoral stimuli by nervous interference. (2) The Myxinidae passively conform with the osmotic environment, which makes a highly developed endocrine control system unnecessary. (3) The birds are shielded from environmental factors by a specialized body surface, and they can easily avoid unfavorable conditions by flight. This makes a sophisticated and fast acting (i.e. nervous) control of such endocrines unnecessary, which are involved in the maintenance of the normal “milieu interne”. Wir danken MissKathleen Matt für die Hilfe bei der Anfertigung der Zeichnungen.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Anhand neuer embryologischer, morphologischer, physiologischer und biochemischer Befunde werden die vogelspezifischen Eigentümlichkeiten von drei endokrinen Systemen diskutiert: Pinealkomplex, hypothalamo-hypophysäres System und gastrointestinales Endokrinium. Trotz der allgemein besonders starken Beeinflußbarkeit der Vögel durch photoperiodische Veränderungen ist bei ihnen der Pinealkomplex zu einer intracranialen endokrinen Drüse reduziert. Diese Epiphyse (Pinealorgan) zeigt unter experimentellen Bedingungen eine außerordentliche Unabhängigkeit von photoperiodischer Steuerung. Das völlige Fehlen des Pinealkomplexes bei den relativ nahe verwandten Krokodilen deutet auf die Möglichkeit hin, daß dies wohl eher phylogenetisch als funktionell zu erklären ist. Das hypothalamo-hypophysäre System ist im wesentlichen reptilienartig, zeigt aber drei auffallende Spezialisierungen: 1. Eine hochentwickelte Eminentia mediana, welche aus zwei getrennten Regionen besteht. 2. Die Pars distalis ist mit der Eminentia so verbunden, daß ihre beiden Unterabteilungen (cephaler und caudaler Lappen) von beiden Regionen der Eminentia über getrennte Portalgefäße versorgt werden. 3. Den Vögeln als Gruppe fehlt die Pars intermedia. Die auffallendsten Besonderheiten des gastrointestinalen Endokriniums stehen mit dem Inselorgan in Verbindung: insulinproduzierende B-Zellen und glukagonbildende A-Zellen sind weitgehend in besondere Inseln getrennt. Im Gegensatz zu dem der anderen Tetrapoden ist das Fettgewebe der Vögel insulin-unempfindlich. Die endokrine Kontrolle des Fettgewebes erfolgt über eine indirekte anabole Route (durch prolaktinstimulierte Lipogenese in der Leber) sowie eine direkte katabole Route durch Pankreasglukagon. Bei einem Vergleich mit anderen Gnathostomengruppen zeigen Epiphyse, Adenohypophyse und Inselorgan einen besonders starken Trend zur Unabhängigkeit von direkter Innervation. In bezug auf Adenohypophyse und Inselorgan repräsentieren dabei die Vögel das entgegengesetzte Extrem zu den Knochenfischen (Teleostier), bei denen diese Drüsen besonders stark innerviert sind. Die Vögel und Teleostier werden kurz mit den Myxiniden verglichen, deren endokrines System besonders schwach entwickelt ist. Die Unterschiede zwischen den drei Gruppen werden durch drei verschiedene Wege der Anpassung an Umweltbedingungen gedeutet: 1. Aktive Anpassung durch ein hochentwickeltes neuro-endokrines Kontrollsystem (Teleostier). 2. Passive, osmokonforme Anpassung, welche ein stark entwickeltes Endokrinium überflüssig macht (Myxiniden). 3. Vermeidung ungünstiger Umweltbedingungen durch Flugvermögen; eine verfeinerte, sekretomotorische Kontrolle der endokrinen Drüsen des normalen Stoffwechsels ist unnötig (Vögel).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 53 (1961), S. 731-758 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Zusammenfassung 1. Eine Untersuchung des Inselorgans der Amsel ergibt: a) A- und B-Zellen sind weitgehend in „dunkle“ und „helle“ Inseln getrennt, Mantelinseln sind selten, doch finden sich öfters in beiden Inselarten einzelne Vertreter oder kleine Gruppen der anderen Zellart. b) Beide Inselarten können aus Kernhaufen entstehen und bei Involution wieder Kernhaufen bilden. c) Auch bei der erwachsenen Amsel kann neues Inselgewebe durch Selbstvermehrung und Neubildung aus kleinen Gängen entstehen. d) Die „dunklen“ Inseln enthalten außer den typischen A-Zellen weitere Zellformen (D-, Kolloid-, schrumpfende und ungranulierte Zellen), die mit Ausnahme der D-Zelle und eines Teiles der schrumpfenden Zellen als Funktionsstadien der A-Zelle aufgefaßt werden. e) In den „hellen“ Inseln finden sich granulierte, ungranulierte und kolloidhaltige B-Zellen. f) Gestalt und cytologische Zusammensetzung beider Inselarten zeigen starke jahresperiodische Schwankungen, die eingehend analysiert werden. 2. Mit Hilfe für das Inselorgan der Amsel zusammengestellter Aktivitätskriterien wird festgestellt: a) Die jahresperiodische Aktivität beider Inselarten läuft parallel, beide Inselarten befinden sich bei einem Tier durchweg im gleichen Aktivitätszustand. b) Das Maximum der jahresperiodischen Aktivität liegt in der Zeit vor oder zu Beginn der Mauser. Die danach einsetzende Involution erreicht in der Zeit zwischen Dezember und Mai ihren Höhepunkt. Während oder nach der Brutzeit setzt die Reaktivierung des Inselorgans wieder ein. 3. Das Inselorgan zeigt zur Zeit der winterlichen Fettablagerung verminderte Aktivität. 4. Um festzustellen, ob zwischen erhöhter Aktivität des Inselorgans und der etwa gleichzeitigen Mauser ein Zusammenhang besteht, wird bei Grünlingen zur Zeit der Gonadenreife durch Thyroxininjektionen eine künstliche Mauser ausgelöst. Das Inselorgan bleibt dabei völlig inaktiv. Die Möglichkeiten einer endokrinen Steuerung der Inselhyperplasie werden besprochen.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of comparative physiology 152 (1983), S. 35-41 
    ISSN: 1432-136X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The effects of exogenous dopamine (DA), norepinephrine (NE) and epinephrine (E) on endogenous catecholamine (CA) titers and glycemia were studied with a highly specific and sensitive radioenzymatic assay (REA) in cardiac-cannulated, prespawning sea lampreys. Neither DA nor NE had a specific effect on the endogenous titers of the other two CAs, or on glycemia. In contrast, E caused a strong increase of both DA and NE at three different doses, one of which must have been in the physiological ranges. This increase may be due to direct stimulation of E on the NE and DA cells. E also caused hyperglycemia 45 min after the injection; however, this effect occurred only with unphysiologically high doses. An estimation of the disappearance rate of exogenous CAs revealed a mammalian-like speed, ranging from 3–5.5 min.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary 1. The organization of the pancreatic islets of Zonotrichia leucophrys gambelii is generally similar to that of other avian species. There are dark islets, mixed islets, light islets, and occasionally isolated islet cells. The density of islet tissue is greatest in the splenic lohe. Dark islets, which include A- and D-cells, are of varying size. Light islets consist of a pericapillary layer of B-cells with a peripheral layer of D- and sometimes A-cells. Mixed islets contain varying amounts of light and dark elements. 2. A study on the behavior of the islet tissue under photoperiodic treatment and during the annual cycle has shown that (a) A-, B- and D-cells show almost always parallel activity, that (b) there are no distinct seasonal changes in the activity of the pancreatic islets in freeliving animals taken in breeding grounds and in wintering area, that (c) islet activity, by cytologic criteria, is generally high, and that (d) activity in birds kept in captivity under artificially long or short days shows no correlation with photoperiod although there was more pronounced individual variation of islet activity than in free living animals. 3. No correlation between islet activity and degree of fat deposition under either natural conditions or artificial photostimulation could be found. 4. Injection of dithizone or ammonium-alcohol resulted in stimulation of the dark islets and sometimes in degeneration of B-cells.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of comparative physiology 155 (1985), S. 285-290 
    ISSN: 1432-136X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Injections of physiological and supraphysiological doses of epinephrine (E) into cardiaccannulated eels cause a dose-related increase of plasma dopamine (DA) and norepineprine (NE) within 3 min. Likewise, both exogenous DA and NE increase the plasma titers of the respective other two catecholamines (CAs). The baseline titers of NE and E are closely correlated. Lack of a correlation of the baseline titers of NE and E with that of DA appears to be due to a faster disappearance rate of DA from the circulation. E is strongly hyperglycemic, and the weaker glycemic action of NE may be mediated via E release. The effects of E seem to depend on a spurt-like increase rather than its titer per se. The ability of the eel to cope with very fast, excessive increases of plasma CAs raises the question of the underlying mechanisms.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 180 (1974), S. 341-350 
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Minute amounts of white or brown adipose tissue can be localized in situ within seconds by covering the organ surfaces with an alkaline solution of dithizon (diphenylthiocarbazone) in alcohol and water. The adipose tissues stain deep green, while the other organs remain unstained, or appear in various shades of pink and red. This technique has been successfully applied to various groups of vertebrates (mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians and fishes), and it works in fresh, in deep frozen and in formalin-fixed specimens. It fails after tissue fixation in mercuric chloride-containing fluids. In vitro studies show that the staining reaction is due to (1) a preferential solubility of small amounts of dithizon in adipose tissue lipids, and (2) the development of a green color, which appears when dithizon dissolves in lipids or organic solvents.
    Additional Material: 2 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 171 (1976), S. 317-329 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Islet organ ; Cyclostomes ; Petromyzon marinus ; Cell types ; Light and electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Four types of acidophilic granular cells, in addition to B-cells, are identified in the islet organ of anadromous specimens of two subspecies of Petromyzon marinus by light and electron microscopy. Three of these acidophils (PI, pII and PIV-cells) occur in both the cranial and hepatic islets while a fourth type (PIII-cell) has only been found in the hepatic islet of some animals. The granules of the PI-cells stain with ponceau de xylidine, give a distinct tryptophan reaction and in ultrastructural examination show large, dense granules. The PII-cells contain unusual crystals and appear to be a non-secretory stage of the PI. The PIII-cells stain deep-red with acid fuchsin. They contain very large, dense granules and some lysosomes. PIV-cells stain selectively with phosphotungstic acid-hematoxylin and ultrastructurally, contain small, more or less dense granules. It appears that PI- and PIV-cells develop directly from B-cells, while the PIII-cells derive from PI-cells. Despite their direct or indirect origin from B-cells, the pI-, PIII- and PIV-cells show characteristic features of functionally independent endocrine cells. Petromyzon marinus may be an ideal model for the understanding of phylogenetic and pathological interrelationships between islet and gastrointestinal hormones. It is clear that the interpretation of the islet organ of the cyclostomes, which has been generally considered a source of insulin only, requires a revaluation. This study was supported by funds from PHS grant RR-5414 to A. Epple
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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