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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Der Anaesthesist 43 (1994), S. 87-91 
    ISSN: 1432-055X
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter: Enfluran – Fentanyl – Ketamin – Midazolam – H2-Exhalationstest – Postoperative Darmatonie ; Key words: Enflurane – Fentanyl – Ketamine – Midazolam – Exhaled hydrogen monitor – Postoperative intestinal atonia
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract. Postoperative intestinal atonia is a complication which is likely to occur in patients predisposed for constipation and in patients after intra-abdominal operations. The postoperative delay of bowel movement, however, is often also related to the type of anaesthesia being used. In order to evaluate the magnitude of an anaesthetic-induced postoperative delay of bowel movement, two types of intravenous-based anaesthesia using fentanyl/midazolam (1 mg/25 mg; dosage 0.1 ml/kg/h), and ketamine/midazolam (250 mg/25 mg; dosage 0.1 ml/kg/h) respectively were compared with a volatile anaesthetic technique (enflurane; mean concentration 1.5 vol%). Methods. In three groups of patients (each n=15) undergoing elective surgery of the lower extremities, induction of anaesthesia was accomplished with methohexital (1 – 1.5 mg) followed by succinylcholine (1.5 mg/kg) to facilitate intubation. For the maintenance of muscle relaxation vecuronium bromide was used. All patients were given droperidol to prevent postoperative emesis, and they were artifically ventilated with N2O/O2 (60: 40) to normal end-expiratory CO2 concentrations. No anticholinergic agents were used at the end of operation since they are known to interfere with bowel motility. In order to determine gastro-intestinal motility, the H2 exhalation test was used. For this purpose 40 g lactulose in 100 ml of water was given to all patients via a gastral tube shortly before extubation. Lactulose is broken down by bacteria once it enters the colon, and H2 is released, taken up by the vascular system and exhaled. Postoperatively, patients were asked to exhale into a 20-ml syringe every 10 min. The content was analysed for hydrogen (ppm), using an electrochemical sensor (GMI exhaled hydrogen monitor). From the time of lactulose instillation to a threefold increase in endexpiratory hydrogen concentration (compared to the preoperative value), gastro-coecal transit time was computed. Results. All three groups of patients were comparable in age, height and body weight. Also, the duration of operation was comparable in all three groups. Mean gastro-coecal transit time was 204 (±19.6 SD) min following enflurane, 302 (±32.8 SD) min following fentanyl/-midazolam and 210 (±28.8 SD) min following ketamine/midazolam anaesthesia. The gastro-intestinal inhibition after the opioid-based anaesthetic technique was significantly prolonged (p〈0.001, Kruskal-Wallis test). There was no significance between patients after ketamine-based anaesthesia and those who had the volatile anaesthetic. Discussion and conclusion. When using intravenous anaesthesia with an opioid, gastro-intestinal inhibition, especially in patients prone to have constipation, is likely to develop postoperatively. In classical neuroleptanaesthesia and in analgosedation in the ICU, the simultaneous use of the butyrophenone droperidol seems to counteract the inhibition of opioid-related gastrointestinal motility. In cases of opioid-related gastrointestinal atonia a gastrokinetic compound may be necessary to overcome this effect on intestinal motility.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung. Die postoperative Darmatonie stellt bei einigen Patienten insbesondere dann ein Problem dar, wenn in der Anamnese eine Darmträgheit angegeben wird bzw. der operative Eingriff als solcher zu einer Motilitätshemmung führt. Ursächlich für eine Hemmung der intestinalen Motilität sind, wenn es sich nicht um einen Eingriff im abdominellen Bereich handelt, in vielen Fällen die für eine Narkose verwendeten Anästhetika. Im folgenden wurde deshalb versucht, die Auswirkungen einer intravenösen Narkose mit Fentanyl/Midazolam (1 mg/25 mg; Perfusoreinstellung 0,1 ml/kg/h), mit Ketamin/Midazolam (250 mg/25 mg; Perfusoreinstellung 0,1 ml/kg/h) einer Enfluran-Narkose (mittlere Verdampfereinstellung 1,5 Vol.-%) auf die Magen-Darmmotilität gegenüberzustellen. Bei jeder Patientengruppe (n=15), die sich elektiven Eingriffen an den unteren Extremitäten unterziehen mußte, erfolgte die Einleitung der Narkose mit Methohexital (1 – 1,5 mg/kg) gefolgt von Succinylcholin (1,5 mg/kg); die Muskelrelaxation wurde mit Vecuroniumbromid aufrechterhalten, und die Patienten wurden maschinell mit einem Lachgas/Sauerstoffgemisch (60 : 40) normoventiliert. Zur Bestimmung der Magen-Darmmotilität wurde der H2-Exhalationstest nach vorangegangener gastraler Instillation von Laktulose herangezogen. Da Laktulose erst im Zoekum bakteriell aufgespalten wird, wobei H2 entsteht, kann postoperativ ein endexspiratorischer Anstieg von Wasserstoff als Zeitpunkt des Eintreffens von Laktulose im Zoekum angesehen werden. Bei den vergleichbaren Gruppen von Patienten mit vergleichbaren Narkosezeiten, kommt es nach Enfluran in der 204. (±19,6 SD) min, nach Fentanyl/Midazolam in der 302. (±32,8 SD) min und nach Ketamin/Midazolam in der 210. (±28,8 SD) min zu einem, im Vergleich zum präoperativen Ausgangswert, 3fachen endexspiratorischen Anstieg von Wasserstoff. Diese Ergebnisse weisen darauf hin, daß eine Beeinträchtigung der Magen-Darmmotilität zu erwarten ist, wenn gleichzeitig Opioide zur Narkose gegeben werden. Im Vergleich zur Gasnarkose hat eine Narkose mit Ketamin/Midazolam keinen signifikanten Einfluß auf die Darmmotilität – ein Effekt, der unter Fentanyl/Midazolam signifikant (p〈0,001) ins Gewicht fällt. Soll eine postoperative Darmatonie vermieden werden, so ist bei entsprechend prädisponierten Patienten ein Narkoseverfahren zu wählen, das die Magen-Darmmotilität nur geringfügig beeinflußt, bzw. ist der postoperative Einsatz von Gastrokinetika in Erwägung zu ziehen.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 26 (1976), S. 541-545 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Fentanyl ; Droperidol ; Morphine ; Aromatic amino acid decarboxylase inhibitor (R04-4602) tyrosine hydroxylation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The effects of fentanyl, droperidol, and morphine on tyrosine hydroxylation in the rat striatum was measured after inhibition of aromatic amino acid decarboxylase with R04-4602. Any direct change in the product of hydroxylation (i.e.dopa) was supposed to reflect a change in enzyme activity. Fentanyl (0.1 mg/kg intraperitoneally) first (10 min) appears to slightly depress, and later (30 min) significantly activate tyrosine hydroxylation. Morphine (10 mg/kg i.p.) activates tyrosine hydroxylation to a much lesser degree than fentanyl. Droperidol (3 mg/kg i.p.) only slightly activates the in vivo activity of the enzyme.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Anaesthesia 43 (1988), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1365-2044
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Anaesthesia in 15 patients scheduled for prolonged abdominal surgery was induced with hexobarbitone and maintained with nitrous oxide and enflurane, while in a further 15 patients propofol was used for induction and maintenance. Three patients in the latter group required additional fentanyl but cardiovascular responses were, otherwise similar in the two groups. Return of consciousness, response to verbal command, ability to answer questions and adequate spontaneous ventilation was more rapid in the propofol patients. EEG power spectra also returned to baseline more rapidly in the propofol group.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Anaesthesia 50 (1995), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1365-2044
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: We investigated the effect of clonidine in 19 patients having lumbar disc surgery under nitrous oxide/isoflurane/relaxant anaesthesia. The EEG, spinal and cortical somatosensory evoked potentials, and the brainstem auditory evoked potentials were recorded. After equilibration of the general anaesthetic, two successive infusions of clonidine (5μg.kg-1) were given. After the second infusion of clonidine, the plasma concentration increased from 0.2(SEM 0.05) to 6.4(SEM 0.06) ng.ml-1 (p 〈 0.05). In the EEG, δ-activity was maintained, but the β-fraction, and the 95% and 50% spectral frequencies were reduced. Total EEG power progressively decreased from 296(152-397) μV2 to 108(51-240) μV2. The somatosensory evoked spinal potential (N13) decreased in amplitude, (1.77(SEM 0.35) μV to 1.59(SEM 0.35) μV, p 〈 0.05) and increased in latency (14.37(SEM 0.29)ms to 14.69(SEM 0.31)ms, p 〈 0.05). The central conduction time increased from 6.47(SEM 0.16)ms to 6.92(SEM 0.25)ms, ns. There was no effect on the cortical somatosensory potentials, or the brainstem auditory evoked potentials. According to the EEG spectral indices, anaesthesia appeared to deepen despite a reduction in the end expiratory isoflurane concentration from 0.53(SEM 0.07) to 0.28(SEM 0.06)vol%, which indicated a reduction in anaesthetic requirements following clonidine.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Addiction biology 10 (2005), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1369-1600
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The opioid receptor antagonist naltrexone, which is used in detoxification and rehabilitation programmes in opioid addicts, can precipitate opioid withdrawal symptoms even in patients who have no opioid present. We tested the hypothesis that in order to precipitate withdrawal, opioids need to convert the inactive opioid receptor site via protein kinase C into a constitutively active form on which the antagonist precipitates withdrawal. Acute abstinence symptoms were induced by the potent opioid receptor agonist sufentanil (21?μg/kg), given for 6 days, which was followed by the antagonist naltrexone (20?μg/kg i.v.) in the awake trained canine (n = 10). Abrupt displacement of opioid binding resulted in acute withdrawal symptoms: increase in blood pressure, heart rate, increase in amplitude height of somatosensory evoked potential, reduced tolerance to colon distention and a significant increase in grading of vegetative variables (restlessness, panting, thrashing of the head, whining, yawning, gnawing, salivation and/or rhinorrhoea, mydriasis, stepping of extremities and vomiting). Following a washout period of 14 days, the same animals were given the highly specific protein kinase C inhibitor H7 (250?μg/kg) prior to the same dosages of sufentanil and naltrexone. Such pretreatment was able to either attenuate or completely abolish the acute withdrawal symptoms. The data suggest that for precipitation of withdrawal, intracellular phosphorylation is a prerequisite in order to activate the opioid μ-receptor. In such a setting, naltrexone acts like an ‘inverse agonist? relative to the action of the antagonist on a non-preoccupied receptor site not being exposed previously to a potent opioid agonist.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Regulatory Peptides 53 (1994), S. S251-S252 
    ISSN: 0167-0115
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 277 (1979), S. 399-400 
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Fig. 1 Effects of continuous perfusion of the fourth cerebral ventricle without and with (-)naloxone at a concentration of 20 p-gml"1 on blood pressure, heart rate and carotid sinus reflex activity in conscious and anaesthetised (halothane) dogs. Perfusion periods are always 20 min. Halothane ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Intensive care medicine 1 (1975), S. 193-197 
    ISSN: 1432-1238
    Keywords: Multivariate analysis ; Patient monitoring ; Coordinate system in hyperspace ; Time trajectories
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Multivariate time series data in post-operative patients (respiratory and cardiovascular) are compared to reference groups. Using this technique under the program control of a computerized patient monitoring system (IBM 1800) various classes in the respiratory and cardiovascular spectrum can define the co-ordinate system in hyperspace. The patient in crisis is recognised by his deviation from normal rates of change of the variables set as well as by the time trajectories of recovery in the hyperspace.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology 307 (1979), S. 123-128 
    ISSN: 1432-1912
    Keywords: Perfusion of the cerebro-ventricular system ; Conscious dog ; Blood pressure and heart rate ; EEG ; Fentanyl
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Injection of fentanyl into the cisterna magna of the brain leads to hypotension and bradycardia in anesthetised dogs. To determine if this effect is related to the recently discovered opiate receptors fentanyl was perfused in increasing concentrations (2.5–20 μg/ml) through the cerebro-ventricular system in conscious dogs. Blood pressure was recorded continuously from a punctured exteriorised carotid artery; heart rate was derived from the ECG. Baroreflex activity was tested repeatedly by clamping of both common carotid arteries. Cerebral activity was evaluated from the EEG. Perfusion of the fourth cerebral ventricle resulted in a concentration-related fall in heart rate by 43% and in an inhibition of the reflex response of heart rate to carotid clamping. In contrast, blood pressure fell only moderately by 14% and its reflex response was well maintained. The EEG pattern changed from frequencies in the beta-band (awake control) to gradual synchronisation with delta-activity corresponding to behavioural signs of tranquillisation and sleep-like states. All these effects were reversed by naloxone. No effects were seen when fentanyl was perfused through the lateral ventricles and third ventricle although this yielded similar serum concentration as after perfusion of the fourth ventricle. It is concluded that opiate receptors bordering the fourth cerebral ventricle mediate the cardiovascular and hypnotic action of fentanyl.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Der Schmerz 10 (1996), S. 254-260 
    ISSN: 1432-2129
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Tramadol ; Tilidin/Naloxon ; Codein ; Obstipation ; Gastro-coekale Transitzeit ; H2-Exhalationstest ; Key words Tramadol ; Tilidine/naloxone ; Codeine ; Constipation ; Gastrointestinal transit time ; Lactulose H2-breath test
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract Tramadol, a mixed μ-opioid agonist and a monoamine-reuptake blocking analgesic, has been supposed to have little effect on propulsive gastrointestinal motility. However, this has not been specifically studied in man. Following institutional approval, 18 human volunteers were given 50 mg of tramadol, tilidine/naloxone, and codeine, respectively, in a double-blind randomised cross-over design. Additionally, 12 further volunteers were given 100 mg of each opioid in a double-blind, randomised fashion, followed by measurement of gastrocoecal transit time. Gastrointestinal transit time was measured using the lactulose H2-breath test. A threefold increase in end-expiratory hydrogen when compared to the control value was considered the end point of gastrocoecal transit. At the low dose (50 mg) the three opioids did not differ significantly with regard to their effect on gastrointestinal motility. Gastrocoecal transit time was 90.8 (± 10.1 SEM) min for tramadol, 100.6 (± 9.8 SEM) min for tilidine/naloxone, and 104.2 (± 8.7 SEM) min for codeine. Doubling the dose of each opioid resulted in an increase in mean gastrocoecal transit, namely 97.8 (± 11.2 SEM) min for tramadol, 129.2 (± 12.2 SEM) min for tilidine/naloxone and 135.9 (± 9.2 SEM) min for codeine. The increase in gastrocoecal transit time was significant (P 〈 0.01) for high doses of tilidine/naloxone and codeine in contrast to the effect of the low doses. This lesser constipation effect may be due to the reduced affinity of tramadol to the μ-opioid receptor. Sedation was significantly higher for codeine after 50 mg (P 〈 0.05) and 100 mg (P 〈 0.005) than for tilidine/naloxone and tramadol. Vertigo was significantly higher after 50 mg (P 〈 0.05) and 100 mg (P 〈 0.005) of tilidine/naloxone and codeine than after tramadol. Perspiration was significantly higher after tramadol 100 mg (P 〈 0.005) than after tilidine/naloxone and codeine. Sedation is considered a typical symptom of analgesics interacting with centrally located opioid receptor sites. The higher incidence of perspiration after tramadol suggests that monominergic pathways may be involved in thermoregulation. In conclusion, the opioids tilidine/naloxone and codeine at the doses used significantly prolong gastrointestinal transit time in the high-dose range. Since tramadol does not induce a dose-related increase in gastrocoecal transit time, it may be a useful analgesic in patients who are prone to developing constipation during high-dose opioid therapy.
    Notes: Tramadol, ein mittelstark wirkendes Opioid, führt neben einer Bindung am Opioidrezeptor, zusätzlich zu einer Wiederaufnahmehemmung monominerger Transmitter. Ähnlich wie von den Opioiden Tilidin/Naloxon und Codein geht von Tramadol eine nur geringe Beeinträchtigung der intestinalen propulsiven Motilität aus. Eine solche, von tierexperimentellen Ergebnissen abgeleitete Annahme bedarf jedoch der Vergleichsuntersuchung beim Menschen. Nach Genehmigung durch die Ethikkommission und Einverständniserklärung erhielten 18 Probanden doppelblind und randomisiert im cross-over design jeweils 50 mg von dem Opioid Tramadol, Tilidin/Naloxon oder Codein oral. Weitere 12 Probanden erhielten ebenfalls randomisiert im cross-over design jeweils 100 mg der 3 Opioide mit anschließender Bestimmung des gastro-coekalen Transits. Die gastro-coekale Transitzeit wurde mit Hilfe der H2-Exhalationsmethode nach vorangegangener Laktuloseaufnahme bestimmt. Endpunkt der H2-Exhalationsbestimmung war ein 3facher Anstieg in der endexspiratorischen Wasserstoffkonzentration im Vergleich zur Kontrollmessung vor Versuchsbeginn. Im niedrigen Dosisbereich (50 mg) induzierten alle 3 Opioide eine untereinander nicht signifikante gastro-coekale Transitzeit von 90,8 (± 10,1 SEM) min nach Tramadol, von 100,6 (± 9,8 SEM) min nach Tilidin/Naloxon und von 104,2 (± 8,7 SEM) min nach Codein. Im höheren Dosierungsbereich (100 mg) nahm die mittlere gastro-coekale Transitzeit zu. Sie betrug 97,8 (± 11,2 SEM) min nach Tramadol, 129,2 (± 12,2 SEM) min nach Tilidin/Naloxon und 135,9 (± 9,2 SEM) min nach Codein. Außer Tramadol verursachten Tilidin/Naloxon und Codein nach 100 mg eine zu 50 mg signifikante (p 〈 0,01) Zunahme der Transitzeit. Im Vergleich zu Tilidin/Naloxon und Tramadol wurde Sedierung häufiger nach 50 mg Codein (p 〈 0,05) und 100 mg Codein (p 〈 0,005) genannt. Im Vergleich zu Tramadol wurde Schwindel häufiger sowohl nach 50 mg (p 〈 0,05) als auch nach 100 mg (p 〈 0,005) Tilidin/Naloxon und Codein angegeben. Im Vergleich zu 100 mg Tilidin/Naloxon respektive Codein wurde Schwitzen häufiger nach 100 mg Tramadol (p 〈 0,005) angegeben. Sedierung ist eine typische Nebenwirkung aller der über das Opiatsystem wirkenden Analgetika, während das vermehrte Schwitzen nach Tramadol als Hinweis für eine Beteiligung monominerger Neurone in der zentralen Temperaturregulation zu werten ist. Zusammengefaßt induzierten alle 3 Opioide im niedrigen Dosisbereich eine geringe jedoch auffällige Verzögerung im gastro-coekalen Transit. Tramadol führte zu keiner dosisabhängigen Zunahme in der Hemmung des propulsiven intestinalen Transits.
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