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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Interception of comet Hyakutake's ion tail at a distance of 500 million kilometres (2000)
    [s.l.] : Macmillian Magazines Ltd.
    Nature 404 (2000), S. 576-578 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Remote sensing observations and the direct sampling of material from a few comets have established the characteristic composition of cometary gas. This gas is ionized by solar ultraviolet radiation and the solar wind to form ‘pick-up’ ions, ions in a low ionization state that ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/35007015
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Anomalously small magnetic field in the local interstellar cloud (1997)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 386 (1997), S. 374-377 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Interstellar hydrogen and helium atoms enter the Solar System owing to its relative motion with respect to the local interstellar cloud. Influenced only by solar gravity, these neutral species penetrate deep into the heliosphere, where some are ionized by solar radiation. We detect these ions ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/386374a0
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Coronal Hole Boundaries and their Interactions with Adjacent Regions (1999)
    Springer
    Space science reviews 87 (1999), S. 43-54 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9672
    Keywords: coronal holes ; solar wind ; Ulysses
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract Coronal hole boundaries are the interfaces between regions where the coronal magnetic field contains a significant component which is open into the heliosphere and regions where the field is primarily closed. It is pointed out that there are constraints on the magnetic field which opens into the heliosphere that must be satisfied in the corona: it must come into pressure equilibrium in the high corona, and the component of the field which connects to the polar regions of the Sun must differentially rotate. A model is presented in which satisfying these constraints determines which field lines are open and which are closed, and thus where the polar coronal hole boundaries occur. Some of the consequences of this model are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005153730158
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The solar WIND and suprathermal ion composition investigation on the WIND spacecraft (1995)
    Springer
    Space science reviews 71 (1995), S. 79-124 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9672
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract The Solar Wind and Suprathermal Ion Composition Experiment (SMS) on WIND is designed to determine uniquely the elemental, isotopic, and ionic-charge composition of the solar wind, the temperatures and mean speeds of all major solar-wind ions, from H through Fe, at solar wind speeds ranging from 175 kms−1 (protons) to 1280 kms−1 (Fe+8), and the composition, charge states as well as the 3-dimensional distribution functions of suprathermal ions, including interstellar pick-up He+, of energies up to 230 keV/e. The experiment consists of three instruments with a common Data Processing Unit. Each of the three instruments uses electrostatic analysis followed by a time-of-flight and, as required, an energy measurement. The observations made by SMS will make valuable contributions to the ISTP objectives by providing information regarding the composition and energy distribution of matter entering the magnetosphere. In addition SMS results will have an impact on many areas of solar and heliospheric physics, in particular providing important and unique information on: (i) conditions and processes in the region of the corona where the solar wind is accelerated; (ii) the location of the source regions of the solar wind in the corona; (iii) coronal heating processes; (iv) the extent and causes of variations in the composition of the solar atmosphere; (v) plasma processes in the solar wind; (vi) the acceleration of particles in the solar wind; and (vii) the physics of the pick-up process of interstellar He as well as lunar particles in the solar wind, and the isotopic composition of interstellar helium.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00751327
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Exploring the heliosphere in three dimensions a keynote presentation (1995)
    Springer
    Space science reviews 72 (1995), S. 5-13 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9672
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract The 28th ESLAB Symposium marks the beginning of the sprint of the Ulysses mission to the very high heliographic latitudes and the pole-to-pole passage. The more than twenty-year quest to understand the Sun and the heliosphere in three dimensions is about to be realized. It is perhaps worthwhile, as we are poised to begin this journey, to ask how history is likely to judge this mission, or equivalently: what questions need to be answered so that the judgment will be kind?
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00768748
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Introduction (1998)
    Springer
    Space science reviews 83 (1998), S. 1-4 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9672
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005088213520
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Global Processes that Determine Cosmic Ray Modulation (1998)
    Springer
    Space science reviews 83 (1998), S. 179-214 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9672
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract The global processes that determine cosmic ray modulation are reviewed. The essential elements of the theory which describes cosmic ray behavior in the heliosphere are summarized, and a series of discussions is presented which compare the expectations of this theory with observations of the spatial and temporal behavior of both galactic cosmic rays and the anomalous component; the behavior of cosmic ray electrons and ions; and the 26-day variations in cosmic rays as a function of heliographic latitude. The general conclusion is that the current theory is essentially correct. There is clear evidence, in solar minimum conditions, that the cosmic rays and the anomalous component behave as is expected from theory, with strong effects of gradient and curvature drifts. There is strong evidence of considerable latitude transport of the cosmic rays, at all energies, but the mechanism by which this occurs is unclear. Despite the apparent success of the theory, there is no single choice for the parameters which describe cosmic ray behavior, which can account for all of the observed temporal and spatial variations, spectra, and electron vs. ion behavior.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005074923940
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Initial observations of low energy charged particles near the Earth's bow shock on ISEE-1 (1979)
    Springer
    Space science reviews 23 (1979), S. 93-101 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9672
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract We report initial measurements from the ULECA sensor of the Max-Planck-Institut/University of Maryland experiment on ISEE-1. ULECA is an electrostatic deflection — total energy sensor consisting of a collimator, deflection analyzer and an array of solid state detectors. The position of a given detector, which determines the energy per charge of an incident particle, together with the measured energy determine the particle's charge state. We find that a rich variety of phenomena are operative in the transthermal energy regime (∼10 keV/Q to ∼100 keV/Q) covered by ULECA. Specifically, we present observations of locally accelerated protons, alpha particles, and heavier ions in the magnetosheath and upstream of the Earth's bow shock. Preliminary analysis indicates that the behavior of these locally accelerated particles is most similar at the same energy per charge.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00174113
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Shock acceleration of energetic particles in the heliosphere (1982)
    Springer
    Space science reviews 32 (1982), S. 205-228 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9672
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract The theory of shock acceleration of energetic particles is briefly discussed and reviewed with an emphasis on clarifying the apparent distinction between the ‘V × B’ and ‘Fermi’ mechanisms. Attention is restricted to those situations in which the energetic particles do not themselves influence the given shock structure. In particular, application of the theory to the acceleration of energetic particles in corotating interaction regions (CIR) in the solar wind is presented. Here particles are accelerated at the forward and reverse shocks which bound the CIR by being compressed between the shock fronts and magnetic irregularities upstream from the shocks, or by being compressed between upstream irregularities and those downstream from the shocks. Particles also suffer adiabatic deceleration in the expanding solar wind, an effect not included in previous shock models for acceleration in CIRs. The model is able to account for the observed exponential spectra at Earth, the observed behavior of the spectra with radial distance, the observed radial gradients in the intensity, and the observed differences in the intensity and spectra at the forward and reverse shocks. Calculations and resulting energy spectra are also presented for shock acceleration of energetic particles in large solar flare events. Based on the simplifying assumption that the shock evolves as a spherically symmetric Sedov blast wave, the calculation yields the time-integrated spectrum of particles initially injected at the shock which eventually escape ahead of the shock into interplanetary space. The spectra are similar to those observed at Earth. Finally further applications are suggested.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00225185
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Implications of a weak termination shock (1996)
    Springer
    Space science reviews 78 (1996), S. 129-136 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9672
    Keywords: anomalous cosmic rays ; solar wind ; termination shock
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract Recent observations from the Voyager spacecraft have suggested that the spectrum of the anomalous cosmic ray component is relatively steep at the termination shock, which is believed to be responsible for accelerating these particles. This conclusion argues that the termination shock must be weak, which in turn requires that the upstream Mach number in the solar wind must be quite low, ∼2.4. It is pointed out that such conditions are unlikely to prevail at all locations along the shock front. However, it is possible for such conditions to exist at the interface between high speed streams at high heliographic latitudes and the region at low latitudes where high and low speed streams have interacted and come into equilibrium. This discussion suggests a preferred location for the injection of the anomalous component into the shock acceleration process.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00170799
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