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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Soluble leucocyte adhesion molecules in diabetic retinopathy stimulate retinal capillary endothelial cell migration (1997)
    Springer
    Diabetologia 40 (1997), S. 1166-1171 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Keywords Diabetic retinopathy ; leucocyte ; adhesion ; angiogenesis.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Diabetic retinal neovascularisation is considered to be a consequence of retinal ischaemia caused by capillary occlusion. Capillary occlusion is the result of microvascular thrombi in which erythrocytes, platelets and leucocytes each may play a role. We investigated the role of leucocytes in this process and the subsequent angiogenic response. We studied the serum levels of the soluble leucocyte adhesion molecules soluble E-Selectin, soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (sVCAM-1) and soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (sICAM-1) in the serum of 93 patients with insulin-dependent diabetes (IDDM) and varying degrees of retinopathy and 47 healthy age and sex matched control subjects. We also measured the ability of serum to stimulate retinal capillary endothelial cell migration using an assay of angiogenesis in vitro. Soluble E-Selectin and sVCAM-1 levels were raised in all patients with IDDM (p 〈 0.001; p 〈 0.001) particularly those with retinopathy (p 〈 0.001; p 〈 0.001). Soluble E-Selectin levels were highest in the patients with severe non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy (p 〈 0.001) and sVCAM-1 levels were highest in patients with proliferative diabetic retinopathy (p 〈 0.01). In contrast soluble ICAM-1 levels were the same in patients and control subjects (p 〉 0.05). Soluble E-Selectin levels in diabetic patients were correlated with the level of glycated haemoglobin (p 〈 0.05). Retinal endothelial cell migration-inducing (ECMI) activity was increased in patients with IDDM (p 〈 0.01) in particular in those with retinopathy (p 〈 0.01). Furthermore, in vitro ECMI activity could be blocked by antibodies to sVCAM-1 and sE-Selectin. These data point to a functional role for leucocyte adhesion in the microvasculopathy of diabetic retinopathy and may have implications for the induction of retinal angiogenesis. [Diabetologia (1997) 40: 1166–1171]
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001250050802
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Regulation of glucose transporter (GLUT 3) and aldose reductase mRNA in bovine retinal endothelial cells and retinal pericytes in high glucose and high galactose culture (1993)
    Springer
    Diabetologia 36 (1993), S. 808-812 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Glucose transport ; diabetic retinopathy ; GLUT 3 ; aldose reductase
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The regulation of GLUT-3 and aldose reductase mRNA in retinal endothelial cells and retinal pericytes was studied in response to variations in the extracellular concentration of hexoses. In physiological concentrations of glucose (5 mmol/l), an increase in the level of GLUT-3 mRNA was observed in cultured cells compared to the level of mRNA found in the absence of glucose. In contrast, there was little change in the level of GLUT-3 mRNA when the cells were cultured in the presence of 5 mmol/l galactose. In high concentrations of glucose, there was a decline in GLUT-3 mRNA indicating that the GLUT-3 mRNA is regulated by the extracellular concentration of glucose. In contrast, at both 5 mmol/l and 25 mmol/l glucose, the level of aldose reductase mRNA was increased. Furthermore, there were differences in the magnitude of the increase of aldose reductase mRNA between bovine retinal pericytes and bovine retinal endothelial cells with a greater increase being observed in the pericytes. We propose that this demonstration of a facultative glucose transporter system within retinal cells, and in particular the specific response to different hexoses and the known distinct kinetic parameters of the transporter system in specific cell types, highlights the heterogeneity of hexose transport mechanisms in retinal cells. Thus, hypergalactosaemia as a model system for the study of diabetic retinopathy should be used with caution.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00400354
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A model system for the study of human retinal angiogenesis: activation of monocytes and endothelial cells and the association with the expression of the monocarboxylate transporter type 1 (MCT-1) (1999)
    Springer
    Diabetologia 42 (1999), S. 870-877 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Keywords Retina ; angiogenesis ; growth factors ; ischaemia ; diabetic retinopathy ; monocarboxylate transporter type 1
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Aims/hypothesis. The growth of retinal vessels is associated with a number of disease conditions, including diabetic retinopathy and proliferative vitreo-retinopathy. In this study we describe a model of human retinal angiogenesis and show how this may be used to explain the mechanisms that are associated with the growth of new retinal vessels. Methods. A 4 mm diameter disc of retinal tissue was placed within a fibrin matrix and the appearance was monitored daily by light microscopy. Immunohistochemical techniques were used for the detection of, glial fibrillary acidic protein, CD68, the Ki-67 antigen, vascular endothelial growth factor, monocarboxylate transporter type 1 and von Willebrand's factor. Results. Vessels were evident extending from the periphery of the explant and the activation of endothelial cells was shown by immuno-peroxidase staining of paraffin embedded sections of the explants for the expression of the Ki-67 antigen, a marker of cell proliferation. The expression of glial fibrillary acidic protein and von Willebrand's factor increased with duration in culture and the presence of activated macrophages or microglia or both was shown by positive immunoreactivity for CD68 and Ki-67 and were identified by day 3. The presence of endogenous vascular endothelial growth factor and the activation of monocarboxylate transporter type 1 by vascular endothelial growth factor, showed the involvement of specific growth factors. Conclusion/interpretation. The explant model provides evidence for the involvement of macrophages and glial fibrillary acidic protein activation in human retinal angiogenesis and for the expression of monocarboxylate transporter type 1, which is likely to be important in the use of lactate in the hypoxic retina. [Diabetologia (1999) 42: 870–877]
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001250051240
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Macrophages eyed in macular degeneration (2003)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature medicine 9 (2003), S. 1350-1351 
    Details
    ISSN: 1546-170X
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: [Auszug] The eye is an exquisitely engineered organ but, like any delicate instrument, it wears as it ages. Damage to the macula, an area rich in cone photoreceptors, leads to age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and the blurring of the world for millions of people. The notion that a low-key but ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nm1103-1350
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Experimental vitreous haemorrhage: Echographic appearances (1977)
    Springer
    Graefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology 204 (1977), S. 101-112 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-702X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Vitreous haemorrhages were induced in rabbits and the echographic appearances on A and B scan were correlated with the gross and histologic appearances over a period of twenty weeks. In all cases, visible vitreous opacities produced distinct echo patterns. As the haemorrhages cleared, the echo amplitudes became progressively weaker. Several patterns of vitreous “membranes” on B scan were also observed. Pathological examination revealed that such membranes were composed of red cells, macrophages and condensed vitreous collagen. It is suggested that haematogenous vitreous membranes of this type are readily diagnosed by combined A- and B-scan ultrasonic examination, and are probably amenable to surgery.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00414711
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Comparative studies of erythrophagocytosis in the rabbit and human vitreous (1978)
    Springer
    Graefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology 208 (1978), S. 143-158 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-702X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The ultrastructural changes which occurred during red cell degradation in the vitreous were studied in rabbit and human eyes. The major pathway for red cell lysis was extracellular in both species, and this type of haemolysis was probably induced by the unfavourable environment in the vitreous and by age changes in the red cells themselves. The released red cell debris was then phagocytosed by invading macrophages. Intracellular lysis also occurred within the cytoplasm of large macrophages after ingestion of whole red cells by the phagocytes. Thus inflammatory cells were always ultimately involved in both forms of red cell lysis in the vitreous. Intracellular lysis appeared to be more common in human cases of recurrent intravitreal haemorrhage associated with intravitreal new vessel formation. In addition, a higher proportion of young macrophages was observed in the inflammatory cell exudates of recurrent haemorrhages, suggesting that macrophage turnover was more rapid in these cases.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00406989
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Neutrophil adhesion: Studies using a flow-chamber assay (1985)
    Springer
    Inflammation research 16 (1985), S. 23-23 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-908X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01999633
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Cellular composition of post-haemorrhagic opacities in the human vitreous (1981)
    Springer
    Graefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology 215 (1981), S. 279-295 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-702X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The morphology of vitreous membranes from enucleated human eyes containing vitreous haemorrhage was studied by electron microscopy. Three types of membrane are described, based on their cellular composition: haematogenous, fibroblastic and neovascular. Simple vitreous haemorrhages usually failed to stimulate a fibroblastic cellular response, whereas vitreous blood clots in eyes with penetrating injuries were frequently invaded by choroidal and/or scleral fibroblasts. Fibroblast-like cells were also found in neovascular membranes, but not as a major cellular component. They had the appearances of astrocytes, suggesting an origin from the retina or optic disc in association with the intravitreal new vessel growth. These data suggest that two factors are necessary for intravitreal fibrosis: an adequate port of entry for cellular invasion and a suitable substratum on which migrating cells can crawl.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00407667
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Vitreous membrane formation after experimental vitreous haemorrhage (1980)
    Springer
    Graefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology 212 (1980), S. 227-242 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-702X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The formation of vitreous membranes after intravitreal haemorrhage was studied in rabbit eyes. Early detachment of the posterior vitreous was followed by the formation of large cellular membranes, composed of aggregated giant macrophages within fine collagen sheets. Progressive reabsorption of the cellular material resulted in acellular membranes composed of endogenous vitreous collagen. Fibroblastic activity was not observed, and it was considered that the vitreous body, particularly its hyaluronic acid component, may present a barrier to the invasion of fibroblasts and other cells during the resolution of vitreous clots.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00410518
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Endotoxin-induced uveitis in the rat (1980)
    Springer
    Graefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology 213 (1980), S. 221-233 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-702X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Experimental studies of ocular inflammation induced by endotoxin have been performed almost exclusively in rabbits. Although the rat has been considered refractory to both the systemic and local effects of endotoxin, the present study has shown that intravitreal injection of endotoxin evoked a characteristic acute inflammatory response which was reproducible and dose-dependent. In addition, a consensual ocular response in the control eye occurred which was less severe but also dose-dependent. Preliminary investigations support the view that consensual responses of this nature may be mediated by a nervous reflex arc mechanism. Sequential histological analysis revealed a marked polymorphonuclear cell infiltration of most ocular tissues in the early stages, while mononuclear cells predominated after 3 days. Widespread intravascular microthrombi were also observed, particularly in the ciliary vessels. Recovery, however, was usually complete by 7 days.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00417543
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