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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    mdr1 mRNA expression by RT-PCR in patients with primary breast cancer submitted to neoadjuvant therapy (1997)
    Springer
    Breast cancer research and treatment 45 (1997), S. 63-74 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7217
    Keywords: breast cancer ; mdr1 ; neoadjuvant chemotherapy and hormone therapy ; P-glycoprotein ; multi-drug resistance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract mdr1 expression by reverse transcription and polymerase chain reaction(RT-PCR) has been compared to P-glycoprotein (Pgp) expression byimmunohistochemistry (IHC) and correlated with clinical response toneoadjuvant therapy. RNA has been recovered from glass slide smears offine-needle aspiration from 57 untreated primary breast cancers prior toneoadjuvant chemotherapy (33 cases), hormone therapy (23 cases), or both (1case). Furthermore, mdr1 mRNA has been analyzed in 6 cases after 2 months oftreatment. The neoadjuvant therapy consisted of 4 cycles of adriamycin andcyclophosphamide or tamoxifen. Of 57 tumor specimens, an interpretableresult was obtained in 52 cases, indicating the feasibility of the analysisby RT-PCR with very small tumor specimens. The presence of mdr1 mRNA hasbeen documented in 44/52 (84%) tumor samples with a spectrum ofexpression levels. The expression of mdr1 mRNA was compared withP-glycoprotein (Pgp) expression by IHC using JSB-1, 4E3, and C494 monoclonalantibodies in 48 of the 52 interpretable tumor samples. 12/48 (25%)expressed Pgp by IHC. All tumors expressing Pgp by IHC were also positive byRT-PCR. The results confirm the higher prevalence of mdr1 mRNA compared tothe protein expression. However, mdr1 mRNA expression was found to correlatesignificantly with resistance to neoadjuvant hormone therapy only while Pgpexpression detected by JSB-1 immunostaining only correlated withchemoresistance. The lack of convincing correlation with chemoresistancesuggests that mRNA and Pgp may not be directly or solely responsible forclinical response to drugs. Further studies should focus on theposttranslational modulation of P-glycoprotein and other mechanisms of drugresistance.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005824704740
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Are fem solutions of incompressible flows really incompressible? (or how simple flows can cause headaches!) (1989)
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 9 (1989), S. 99-112 
    Details
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Mixed and penalty FEM ; Navier-Stokes equations ; Round-off and ill conditioning ; Pressure discretization ; Coupled flow ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: It is generally accepted that mixed and penalty finite element methods can routinely solve the incompressible Navier-Stokes equations. This paper shows by means of simple examples that problems can arise even for the simpler Stokes equations. The causes of the problem fall in either of two categories: round-off and ill conditioning, or a poor choice of pressure discretization. Nonsensical solutions can be obtained. Computation of the discrete divergence of the flow field is a simple and powerful tool to diagnose such conditions. In the first part of the paper several simple techniques for minimizing the effect of round-off are reviewed. In the second part it is shown that, for coupled flow problems, care must be exercised in the choice of the pressure approximation. A unified treatment of various observations by different workers is presented. This should prove useful for general users of the finite element method.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fld.1650090108
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    On the imposition of a flowrate by an augmented Lagrangian method (1988)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Communications in Applied Numerical Methods 4 (1988), S. 835-841 
    Details
    ISSN: 0748-8025
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: This paper introduces an augmented Lagrangian method for the imposition of a given flowrate in the numerical simulation of problems where no a priori knowledge of the velocity profile at the inlet of the domain is availble. This method can be seen as a convenient way to generate boundary conditions consistent with the Navier-Stokes equations when only the flowrate is known. The theoretical formulation of the problem and a numerical algorithm are presented. The efficiency of the proposed method is verified by numerical simulations.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cnm.1630040619
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A finite element simulation of polymer melt flowsThe financial assistance of the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada and of Control Data Canada is gratefully acknowledged. (1986)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advances in Polymer Technology 6 (1986), S. 501-508 
    Details
    ISSN: 0730-6679
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: An augmented Lagrangian formulation is used to model the nonisothermal, bidimensional flow of a shear-thinning fluid in a sudden planar contraction by the finite element method. An efficient solution strategy is proposed which enables computations at large Peclet number and for highly nonlinear rheological behavior at a reasonable cost.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/adv.1986.060060407
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A 3-D finite eiement model for polymer melt flowThe authors acknowledge the financial assistance of NSERC (Canada), FCAR (Quebec), and Control Data Canada for their generous support in terms of computational resources. (1988)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advances in Polymer Technology 8 (1988), S. 99-113 
    Details
    ISSN: 0730-6679
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: A finite element investigation of 3-dimensional polymer melt flows in a sudden contraction is presented. In continuity with the 2-dimensional work of the authors,2 the present study uses the augmented Lagrangian method to cope with the nonlinear rheological behavior of melts. Two kinds of situation are considered: the flow of a nonisothermal melt obeying the Carreau A model of viscosity; the isothermal flow of a Bingham fluid. In the first situation, our interest is focused on the influence of the shear-thinning nature of the melt onto the 3-dimensional temperature pattern inside the contraction. In particular, the mechanism of creation of hot spots is shown in the small channel. In the second situation, the influence of the yield stress on the flow pattern is studied. It is shown in particular that a slow motion secondary flow (quasistagnant region) is created before the contraction for large values of the yield stress.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/adv.1988.060080201
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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