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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    End-tidal capnography in rigid bronchoscopy (2002)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Anaesthesia 57 (2002), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2044
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2044.2002.00114.x
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Electromyographic studies of the syrinx in parrots (Aves, Psittacidae) (1985)
    Springer
    Zoomorphology 105 (1985), S. 1-11 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-234X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The vocal organ (syrinx) of a bird may contain either extrinsic muscles alone or both extrinsic and intrinsic muscles. The former arise and insert on the trachea and affect the syrinx only indirectly; the latter also arise on the trachea but insert directly on syringeal elements. It is widely supposed that syringeal muscles can affect modulations of the sounds the birds make, and further, that the intrinsic muscles are closely associated with such a function. However, the exact roles of the two groups of muscles have not been directly observed. The psittacid syrinx, which has one (for practical purposes) pair of extrinsic and two pairs of intrinsic muscles, is about as simple as one can find in birds capable of uttering a wide variety of sounds. We have taken electromyograms from the syringeal muscles of five species of parrots. In all of these, the extrinsic sternotrachealis showed the simple “activation” pattern activity previously described from several non-passerine species that possess only extrinsic muscles. The intrinsic muscles, however, showed a variety of activity patterns. The relatively simple call of Cyanoliseus patagonus again showed the simple activation pattern. In Myiopsitta monachus, the muscles showed a string of pulses that matched to pulses of sound in a strongly amplitude modulated call. Agapornis roseicollis used at least two distinct patterns, each associated with a different call. The results are consistent with an hypothesis that, because of their indirect attachment of the syrinx, extrinsic muscles are poorly suited to the production of precise, rapid changes in syringeal action, but rather will function in an “on-off switch” capacity. Intrinsic muscles are so situated that, given proper neurological stimulus, they can effect a variety of alterations in the sound pattern. Hence, intrinsic muscles are necessary for the evolution of large vocabularies and variable vocal behavior.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00312067
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Serially arranged myofibers: An unappreciated variant in muscle architecture (1992)
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 48 (1992), S. 864-868 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Birds ; motor endplate ; muscle ; muscle architecture ; pectoralis ; myofiber
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Our comparative studies suggest that the length of myofibers in tetrapods is subject to an unappreciated degree of variability. Many mammalian strap muscles are composed of short, overlapping myofibers. This arrangement and its associated distribution pattern of motor endplates (neural control) appear to be general in birds and widespread in other tetrapods. Contrariwise, most muscles of primates appear to be composed of long myofibers. The implications of this variation for studies of development, neuromuscular control, and muscle function are largely unexplored.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02118420
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The composite structure of quail pectoralis muscle (1992)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 212 (1992), S. 27-35 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The twitch fibers of the quail pectoralis muscle were found to have one neuromuscular junction each, located in the middle third of the fiber. The length of isolated fibers varied between 8.8 and 33.2 mm, with mean and median values of 16 and 15.6 mm, respectively. The lengths of the fascicles from which the fibers were isolated varied between 30 and 51 mm. The muscle fibers taper at both ends. The neuromuscular junctions, revealed after histochemically reacting the intact muscle for acetyl cholinesterase activity, were arranged in discrete bands, separated by intervals of between 0.94 and 6.70 mm, with a mean value of 3.14 mm. The quail pectoralis muscle is thus composed of discontinuous, tapered muscle fibers, arranged in an overlapping series. It is therefore a muscle in which tension is transmitted laterally between muscle fibers.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1052120104
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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