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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    s.l. : American Chemical Society
    The @journal of physical chemistry 〈Washington, DC〉 97 (1993), S. 4110-4117 
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 122 (1989), S. 69-75 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Dihydroazulenes ; Photochroism ; Vinylheptafulvenes ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Light-Sensitive Dihydroazulenes: Alternative Synthesis - The Influence of Alkyl Substituents at the Five-Membered Ring on the Photochromic BehaviorStarting from cycloheptatrienylium tetrafluoroborate (8) the dihydroazulenes 1 were synthesized via substituted cycloheptatrienes 10-13 as intermediates. The dicyanovinyl derivatives 12 and 13 were transformed into vinylheptafulvenes 2 by dehydrogenation. The compounds 2 rearrange to 1 under thermal conditions. Dihydroazulenes 1c, d with alkyl groups at the five-membered ring became thus available as well as the phenyl substituted compounds 1a, b. The 3-methyl-2-phenyl derivative 1e could only be obtained in traces in addition to the azulene 15e. The photochromic behaviour of 1 ⇌ 2 is investigated. Significant and characteristic substituent effects were found, giving advice how to shorten the switching-time of the system 1 ⇌ 2.
    Notes: Die Dihydroazulene 1a-d werden ausgehend von Cycloheptatrienylium-tetrafluoroborat (8) hergestellt. Zwischenverbindungen sind substituierte Cycloheptatriene 10-13. Die Dicyanvinylderivate 12 bzw. 13 werden durch Dehydrogenierung in die Vinylheptafulvene 2 umgewandelt, die wiederum thermisch in 1 umlagern. Dihydroazulene mit Alkylsubstituenten im Fünfring werden auf diesem Weg zugänglich. Außerdem wird die Synthese der auch über die [8 + 2]-Cycloadditionsroute erhältlichen phenylsubstituierten Dihydroazulene 1a, b beschrieben. Das 3-Methyl-2-phenylderivat 1e konnte neben dem Azulen 15e nur in Spuren nachgewiesen werden. Bei der Untersuchung des photochromen Verhaltens der Verbindungen 1a-d werden signifikante und charakteristische Substituenteneffekte gefunden. Damit wird gezeigt, wie die Schaltzeiten der Photochromie in 1 ⇌ 2 substituenten-spezifisch verkürzt werden können.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Aromatics, condensed ; [8 + 2] Cycloadditon ; Azulenes, tetrahydro- ; Photochromism ; Thermochromism ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Substituent Dependency of the Dihydroazulene ⇄ Vinylhpeptafulvene Photochromism: Steric and electronic effects of 9-Anthryl Compounds - New Access to Condensed HydropentalenesThe synthesis of 2-(9-anthryl)-1,8a-dihydro-1,1-azulenedicarbonitrile (1a) from 8-methoxyheptafulvene (3) by [8 + 2] cycloaddition (via tetrahydroazulene 5a) and elimination of methanol is described. On irradiation with visible light 1a is transformed into the vinylheptafulvene 2a, which is reconverted into 1a under thermal conditions. The steric congestion caused by the 9-anthryl substituent determines the rate of the [8 + 2] cycloaddition as well as the kinetics of the thermal back reaction 2a → 1a and causes thermochromic behavior of dihydroazulene 1a. By intramolecular electrophilic substitution tetrahydroazulene 5a yields the condensed hydropentalene 9 which on oxidation leads to the condensed polycycle 11. The stereochemical assignments of the 9-anthryl compounds were achieved mainly by one- and two-dimensional 1H-NMR spectroscopy.
    Notes: Die Synthese von 2-(9-Anthryl)-1,8a-dihydro-1,1-azulendicarbonitril (1a) über das Tetrahydroazulen 5a, ausgehend von 8-Methoxyheptafulven (3) durch [8 + 2]-Cycloaddition, wird beschrieben. Durch Bestrahlung mit sichtbarem Licht wird 1a in das Vinylheptafulven 2a umgelagert. Dieses wiederum kann unter thermischen Bedingungen in 1a zurückverwandelt werden. Die sterische Hinderung 9-anthrylsubstituierter Verbindungen beeinflußt die Geschwindigkeit der [8 + 2]-Cycloaddition sowie die Kinetik der thermischen Rückreaktion 2a → 1a und verleiht dem Dihydroazulen 1a zudem thermochrome Eigenschaften. Aus 5a entsteht durch intramolekulare elektrophile Substitution das kondensierte Hydropentalen 9, das durch Oxidation in den kondensierten Polycyclus 11 umgewandelt wird. Die stereochemischen Eigenschaften der 9-Anthrylverbindungen werden durch ein- und zweidimensionale 1H-NMR-Spektroskopie ermittelt.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Light-Induced and Reversible Transformations: Syntheses and Properties of Photochromic 1,1-Dicyano-1,8a-dihydroazulenes and Thermochromic 8-(2,2-Dicyanovinyl)heptafulvenes1,1-Dicyano-2-aryl-1,8a-dihydroazulenes 6(a-g) are prepared in a two-step synthesis starting from 8-methoxyheptafulvene and benzylidenemalononitriles via the tetrahydroazulenes 5. The compounds 6(a-h) rearrange to 8-(2,2-dicyano-1-arylvinyl)heptafulvenes 7(a-h) by irradiation with visible light. The back reaction of 7 to 6 occurs under thermal conditions. Donor-substituted compounds indicate higher long term stability of the equilibrium 6⇌7 (6f⇌7f 〉 44 h). Spectroscopic data of 6 and 7 are given. The molecular structures of the p-bromophenyl derivative 6c and of the p-methoxyphenyl derivative 7f are revealed through crystallography. Some results for the rearrangements 6⇌7 in the solid state are given.
    Notes: 1,1-Dicyan-2-aryl-1,8a-dihydroazulene 6(a-g) werden ausgehend von 8-Methoxyheptafulven und Benzylidenmalonodinitrilen über Tetrahydroazulene 5 dargestellt. Die Dihydro-azulene 6 lagern durch sichtbares Licht in 8-(2,2-Dicyan-1-arylvinyl)heptafulvene 7 um. Die Rückreaktion 7→6 erfolgt thermisch. Die chemische Stabilität und damit die Zahl der reversiblen Cyclen des oszillierenden Gleichgewichts 6⇌7 hängt von den Substituenten der Arylreste ab. Die p-Methoxyverbindungen 6f, 7f haben im Vergleich zu den p-Nitroverbindungen höhere photochemische Stabilität. Die Struktureigenschaften von 6 und 7 wurden durch Kristallstrukturanalysen von 6c und 7f gesichert. Spektroskopische Daten von 6, 7 sind angegeben. Erste Ergebnisse über die Umwandlung 6⇌7 im Festzustand liegen vor.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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