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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Absicherung von Zulaufreaktoren durch Überwachung der Reaktantenakkumulation mittels On-line-Energiebilanzierung (1999)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 71 (1999), S. 433-440 
    Details
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Safe Operation of Semi-Batch Reactors by Supervising the Accumulation of Reactants Through Online Energy Balance.An essential part of the strategy for ensuring safe operating conditions for semi-batch reactors is the permanent guarantee of an admissible accumulation of reactants. Thus, even in case of a failure or a breakdown of the cooling system or the agitator, the maximum possible pressure and temperature in the reactor still remain within their permissible limits. The energy balance method makes it possible to monitor online the reactant concentration and to limit the accumulation by switching off the feed of reactant in time. Practical experience with a production plant is presented in which, over a period of 2 years, numerous process cycles were calculated and subjected to comparative analysis. The results show that the reproducibility as well as the accuracy of calculation are high and that the energy balance method can be regarded as reliable. In addition, recommendations for the implementation of this safety strategy as a reliable tool in plants are obtained. On this basis, the energy balance method provides additional information about the process and, thus, can provide an increase of plant safety and product quality by maintaining process availability.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cite.330710503
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Auslegung von Zyklonabscheidern für NotentlastungssystemeVortrag von J. SCHMIDT anläßlich der GVC Jahrestagung, 17./19. Sept. 1995 in Straßburg. (1997)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 69 (1997), S. 312-319 
    Details
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The principal dimensions of cyclone separators for emergency response systems have been optimized by determination of the gas loading capacity for geometrically similar cyclones of 290 and 1000 mm diameter. For the experiments, separators made of Plexiglas with top or bottom mounted inlet tubes, with varying feed diameters and top and exit geometries. Moreover, the properties of the liquid in the binary mixture to be removed were also changed. For scale-up the gas volume flow density in the defiecting apron should be limited. Overall the measurements have shown that the optimized equipment is equally suited for removal of aqueous, viscous, and foaming media. The flows encountered in emergency blow-down of reactors can therefore be reliably separated. Compared to the recommendations given in the literature, significantly smaller equipment is required for the same separation performance.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cite.330690307
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Einfluß thermodynamischer und fluiddynamischer Vorgänge auf die Notentspannung chemischer ReaktorenVortrag auf dem Jahrestreffen der Verfahrens-Ingenieure, 28. bis 30. September 1977 in Stuttgart. (1978)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 50 (1978), S. 503-510 
    Details
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Influence of thermodynamic and fluid dynamic mechanisms upon the emergency pressure relief of chemical reactors. The cross-sectional areas of pressure relief devices for storage tanks and reactor vessels containing liquids under vapour pressure, which might undergo dangerous heating up, have so far been estimated on the basis of physically questionable procedures. This report analyses the pressure relief process using several extreme assumptions with regard to momentum and heat transfer in two phase flow. A conservative method of estimation is found under the assumptions of homogeneous flow and vapour-liquid equilibrium. Using this procedure, a parametric study of the pressure relief process for a runaway polymerisation reaction has been carried out. Finally, recommendations are given concerning design of the vent line and control of the atmospheric dispersion of the relief stream via the jet exit momentum.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cite.330500704
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Analyse der potentiellen Explosionswirkung von kurzzeitig in die Atmosphäre freigesetzten Brenngasmengen. Teil 2: Überprüfung der Modellgesetze anhand der Analyse von Schadensfällen (1981)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 53 (1981), S. 1-10 
    Details
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Description / Table of Contents: Analysis of the potential explosive effect of amounts of cßmbustible gases released into the atmosphere. Part 2: Testing of models on the basis of cases of damage. A theoretical model set up to estimate the strength of undampened atmospheric gas cloud explosions occurring after bursting of vessels has been secured by thorough analysis of constructional damage caused by three explosions involving vessel contents of up to 30 tonnes of hydrocarbons. The maximum peak pressure of the pressure wave at the edge of the cloud was found to be ca. 0.3 bar. Diagrams are presented which facilitate estimation of peak pressure and time of action of the deflagration pressure wave as function of the distance and the mass of gas released.
    Notes: Ein zur Abschätzung der Stärke von unverdämmten atmosphärischen Gaswolkenexplosionen nach Behälterbersten erstelltes theoretisches Modell wurde durch die sorgfältige Analyse von Bauwerksschäden bei drei Explosionsunfällen bis zu Behälterinhalten von 30 t Kohlenwasserstoff abgesichert. Dabei ergab sich ein maximaler Spitzendruck der Druckwelle am Wolkenrand von ca. 0,3 bar. Es werden Diagramme angegeben, mit deren Hilfe Spitzendruck und Wirkzeit der Deflagrations-Druckwelle in Abhängigkeit vom Abstand und von der freigesetzten Gasmasse abgeschätzt werden können.
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cite.330530102
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Dampfvorhänge als Sicherheitseinrichtung gegen bodennahe GasausbrücheVortrag von H. Giesbrecht auf dem Jahrestreffen der Verfahrens-Ingenieure, 19. bis 21. Sept. 1984 in München. (1985)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 57 (1985), S. 250-251 
    Details
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Dampfvorhang ; Gasausbruch ; Schwergasausbreitung ; ebener Freistrahl ; Einmischkoeffizient ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cite.330570318
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Analyse der potentiellen Explosionswirkung von kurzzeitig in die Atmosphäre freigesetzten Brenngasmengen. Teil I: Gesetze der Wolkenausbreitung und -deflagration aus Berstversuchen an Modellbehältern (1980)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 52 (1980), S. 114-122 
    Details
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Explosion hazard analysis of inflammable gas released spontaneously into the atmosphere. The processes of flash evaporation, atmospheric vapour cloud formation ignition and explosion after the bursting of vessels containing liquefied gas have been studied by model experiments with propylene heated up to 70°C and pressurized to 60 bar. The experiments have shown that a blast wave with considerable peak pressure in the vicinity of the vessel is produced already by flash expansion of the propylene. The experimentally determined decrease of peak pressure with growing distance could be scaled up to vessels of arbitrary size and different propylene temperatures. Scaling laws could be established as well for the calculation of peak pressure and positive pressure duration of the deflagration wave as functions of released mass and distance. The experiments have not revealed any evidence of a detonation process even when the cloud was ignited by an explosive charge.
    Additional Material: 15 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cite.330520206
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    überdachentspannung von schweren Gasen sowie von ein- und zweiphasigen DämpfenVortrag von H. Seifert auf dem Jahrestreffen der Verfahrens-Ingenieure, 29. Sept. bis 1. Okt. 1982 in Basel. (1983)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 55 (1983), S. 392-394 
    Details
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Vertikalfreistrahl ; überdachentspannung ; Schwergas ; Zweiphasenfreistrahl ; Froude-Zahl-Modellierung ; Entrainment-Koeffizient ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cite.330550521
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