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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Isolation and characterization of baby hamster kidney (BHK-21) cell modulator protein (1979)
    s.l. : American Chemical Society
    Biochemistry 18 (1979), S. 673-678 
    Details
    ISSN: 1520-4995
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bi00571a019
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Relationship between intermediate filaments and microfilaments in cultured fibroblasts: Evidence for common foci during cell spreading (1986)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 6 (1986), S. 406-418 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: Intermediate filaments ; microfilaments fibroblast cell spreading ; focal center ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Spreading and fully spread chick embryo fibroblasts (CEF) were examined by double-label fluorescence microscopy using the actin-specific probe rhodamine-phalloidin and an antibody directed against CEF intermediate filaments (IF). During midspreading, a striking relationship became discernible: statistical analysis showed that approximately half of the cell population exhibited one or more phase-dense, phalloidin-binding nodules that appeared to act as foci from which IF diverged. Coincidence between actin-containing structures and IF was not limited to these centers; IF could also frequently be seen running in close parallel arrays with stress fibers.Ultrastructural analysis confirmed the presence of non-membrane-bound out-pocketings along the length of stress fibers from which 10-nm IF diverged. These structures varied in size and shape, and displayed a dense, fine fibrillar appearance. IF and microfilaments (MF) were distinguished by size and by decoration of MF with myosin subfragment-1. Other IF-MF interactions were seen in cells of all stages: IF were observed to loop through stress fibers, most frequently at the cell margins. In colchicine-treated cells, IF became redistributed into cables that often ran parallel and appeared to merge with stress fibers. Cytochalasin D-treated CEF exhibited loose aggregates of actin-containing material that appeared to be associated with IF.These results suggest the possibility of an interaction between actin-containing structures and IF, particularly during cell spreading in cultured fibroblasts.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cm.970060406
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Evidence for an interaction between the cell surface and intermediate filaments in cultured fibroblasts (1986)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 6 (1986), S. 389-405 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: cell membrane complex ; extracellular matrix ; fibronectin ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Intermediate filaments (IF) were found in close proximity to the plasma membrane in substrate attached baby hamster kidney cells (BHK-21) and chick embryo fibroblasts (CEF) as well as cells removed from their substrate in the absence of trypsin. However, in cells removed with trypsin, it appeared that IF had retracted away from the membrane. In cells with abundant extracellular matrix (ECM), colchicine induced massive cables of IF, which appeared to interact with specialized areas of the inner plasma membrane. In cells lysed to extract most microfilaments and cytoplasmic constituents, the intact IF network which remained was closely associated with the ECM. From these ultrastructural observations it was concluded that IF interact in some way with a “cell membrane complex” defined as comprising the plasma membrane and molecules attached to its inner and outer surfaces.In order to investigate the possibility that components of the membrane complex may co-isolate with IF, native intermediate filaments (NIF) were prepared. In addition to the structural subunits and other associated polypeptides, a ∼220 kd species which reacted specifically with antibodies directed against the ECM protein fibronectin (FN) was observed; 220 kd was still present after NIF were isolated under pH conditions where FN is more soluble, suggesting that its presence was not simply due to the coprecipitation of two insoluble proteins. Immunofluorescence and immunogold localization confirmed that FN is a component of the cell membrane complex with which IF appeared to interact.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cm.970060405
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Dynamic properties of intermediate filaments: Disassembly and reassembly during mitosis in baby hamster kidney cells (1990)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 17 (1990), S. 150-166 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: cytoskeletal dynamics ; IF depolymerization ; type III IF regulation ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: A morphological analysis of the organizational changes in the type III intermediate filament (IF) system in dividing baby hamster kidney (BHK-21) cells was carried out by immunofluorescence and immunoelectron microscopy. The most dramatic change occurred during prometaphase, when the typical network of long 10-nm-diameter IF characteristic of interphase cells disassembled into aggregates containing short 4-6 nm filaments. During anaphase-telophase, arrays of short IF reappeared throughout the cytoplasm, and, in cytokinesis, the majority of IF were longer and concentrated in a juxtanuclear cap. These results demonstrate that the relatively stable IF cytoskeletal system of interphase cells is partitioned into daughter cells during mitosis by a process of disassembly and reassembly. This latter process occurs in a series of morphologically distinct steps at different stages of the mitotic process.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cm.970170303
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Cytoplasmic transport in keratocytes: Direct visualization of particle translocation along microtubules (1983)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 3 (1983), S. 1-19 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: cytoplasmic transport ; Saltation ; microtubules ; keratocytes ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: We report the first direct demonstration that the cytoplasmic transport of organelles and vesicles (collectively called particles) takes place along microtubules. Living keratocytes from the corneal stroma of the frog, Rana pipiens, were observed with Allen video-enhanced constrast, differential interference constrast (AVEC-DIC) microscopy [Allen et al, 1981]. In sufficiently thin regions of these cells a network of linear elements was visible. When particles were observed in motion, they always moved along these linear elements. The linear elements remained intact and in focus on the microscope when lysed in a cell lysis solution that stabilized microtubules. Preparations were then fixed in formaldehyde, washed with phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), incubated with rabbit antitubulin, washed with PBS, stained with rhodamine-conjugated goat antirabbit, and washed with PBS. The extracted cells continued to remain in place and in focus on the microscope throughout these procedures. The same cells were then observed using epifluorescence optics and a silicon-intensified target (SIT) video camera. A network of fluorescent linear elements was seen to correspond in number, form, and position to the linear elements seen in the live AVEC-DIC image. Taken together, the AVEC-DIC and fluorescence microscopy observations prove that the linear elements along which particles move are microtubules (MTLEs). The observed particle speeds, pause times, and distances moved varied widely, even for the same particle on the same microtubule. Particles were also observed to switch from one microtubule to another as they were transported. The polarity of the microtubules did not seem to affect the particle direction, since particles were observed to move in both directions on the same MTLE. When not in motion these particles behaved as if anchored to the microtubules since they showed negligible Brownian motion. Finally, it was observed that an elongate particle could move onto two intersecting linear elements such that it was deformed into an inverted “Y” shape. This indicates that there may be more than a single site of attachment between the force generator and the particle.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cm.970030102
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The effects of taxol on cytoskeletal components in cultured fibroblasts and epithelial cells (1983)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 3 (1983), S. 283-305 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: taxol ; microtubules ; intermediate filaments ; fibroblasts ; epithelial cells ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Taxol promotes microtubule (MT) assembly in vitro and induces the reorganization of the cytoskeleton into unusual MT arrays in cultured cells. The possibility that taxol also has an indirect effect on intermediate filaments (IF) was investigated. In baby hamster kidney (BHK-21) and human skin (ENSON) fibroblasts treated with 1-10 μM taxol for 1-24 h, the drug induces changes which are similar to those produced by colchicine. These include a loss of major cellular extensions, a redistribution of organelles to a perinuclear location, and an inhibition of locomotion. Saltatory particle movements are not inhibited, however. Ruffling and filopod formation continue, indicating that cells are viable up to 24 h.Polarized light microscopy of living fibroblasts treated with taxol reveals the presence of perinuclear birefringent material which has been examined by immunofluorescence. In control cells, IF and MT radiate from a juxtanuclear region and extend to the cell periphery. In taxol-treated cells, MT and IF are excluded from cell margins, forming large central bundles.In the epithelial cell lines PtK2 and PAM, the keratin system of IF does not become redistributed; in PtK2, however, a second fibroblastlike system of IF does become redistributed to a perinuclear position during taxol treatment.Ultrastructural analyses show that taxol-treated fibroblasts contain parallel arrays of cross-bridged MT-IF as well as bundles of MT exclusive of IF. Epithelial cells contain a predominance of IF-free MT bundles which are organized into hexagonally packed arrays. In these bundles MT frequently exhibit hooks or other incomplete MT profiles and are linked by filamentous material.
    Additional Material: 14 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cm.970030402
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Colchicine-sensitive and colchicine-insensitive intermediate filament systems distinguished by a new intermediate filament-associated protein, IFAP-70/280kD (1992)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 22 (1992), S. 185-199 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: BHK-21 cells ; cytoskeleton ; microfilaments ; microtubules ; stress fibers ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: A monoclonal antibody was produced, using as antigen a BHK-21 cytoskeletal preparation enriched in intermediate filaments (IF) and their associated proteins. This antibody reacted exclusively with a reproducible set of 70-280kD polypeptides present in minor quantities in this preparation, as detected by immunoblot analysis. Based upon several criteria, this immunologically related group of polypeptides was designated as IFAP-70/280kD (IF-Associated Protein): (1) it coisolated with IF in vitro, (2) it co-localized (by both immunofluorescence and immunoelectron microscopy) with IF in situ in all stages of cell spreading, and (3) it segregated in vitro with the 54/55kD (desmin/vimentin) structural IF subunit proteins of BHK cells through two cycles of in vitro disassembly/assembly. Immunogold labeling further localized IFAP-70/280kD to regions of parallel or loosely bundled IF in situ, suggesting a role in regulating the supramolecular organization of IF. When this monoclonal antibody was used for double-label immunofluorescence observations of colchicine-treated BHK cells, it demonstrated the presence of colchicine-sensitive and colchicine-insensitive IF. Anti-IFAP-70/280kD localized entirely to the drug-induced juxtanuclear IF cap, while a polyclonal antibody directed against the desmin/vimentin structural IF subunits and the previously characterized monoclonal anti-IFAP-300kD [Yang et al., 1985; J. Cell Biol. 100:620] localized to both the juxtanuclear IF cap and a colchicine-insensitive IF network peripheral to the cap in the same cells. The colchicine-insensitive IF pattern often exhibited similarities to that observed for the actin-based stress fiber system, suggesting that stress fiber association may be an additional factor in IF organization. © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cm.970220306
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Dynamic aspects of the supramolecular organization of intermediate filament networks in cultured epidermal cells (1982)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 2 (1982), S. 197-213 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: intermediate filament ; desmosomes ; epidermal keratinocytes ; nuclear envelope ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: We have shown, by indirect immunofluorescence microscopy using an antiserum against the mouse keratin subunit K2 and by electron microscopy, that transformed (PAM) and primary (PME) mouse epidermal cells possess extensive net works of IF bundles. Following trypsinization and replating of PAM cells, IF bundles are seen to move as a continuous net work from a perinuclear zone into the peripheral cytoplasmic regions. In PAM cells lysed in high-ionic-strength solutions containing Triton ×-100 and DNAase-1, IF bundles appear to be closely associated with nuclear envelope remnants and, in some cases, appear to be attached to nuclear pore complexes. PME cells cultivated in low Ca2+-containing medium possess perinuclear birefringent arrays of IF bundles. Within 2 hours of switching the cells to normal Ca2+ levels, the PME IF bundle network moves towards and establishes contact with the cell surface as desmosomes form. Live cells observed by phase contrast and fixed cells observed by immunofluorescence microscopy demonstrate that desmosomes can be distinguished as dark bands separating neighboring cells. There is little difference between the major proteins seen in SDS-polyacrylamide gel profiles of isolated IF bundle net works from PME cells before and after the Ca2+ switch. Therefore, a reorganization of relatively insoluble membrane-associated protein following the Ca2+ switch may be involved in desmosome formation. The isolated IF networks from PAM cells differ in protein composition compared to the PME IF networks. This may be related to the greatly reduced number of desmosomes in PAM cells. The IF bundle system in epidermal cells appears to be involved in shape formation, shape maintenance, the establishment of desmosomes, nuclear centration, and cell-cell contact.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cm.970020302
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Localization and organization of microfilaments and related proteins in normal and virus-transformed cells (1976)
    New York, N.Y. : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Supramolecular Structure 5 (1976), S. 155-183 
    Details
    ISSN: 0091-7419
    Keywords: microfilaments ; actin ; myosin ; transformed cells ; Life Sciences ; Molecular Cell Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: The localization and organization of actin-like microfilaments in normal, SV-40 and adenovirus transformed cells are determined by the coordinated use of light optical, electron optical and biochemical techniques. In adenovirus-type 5 transformed hamster embryo cells, microfilament meshworks appear to be the predominant organizational form of cellular actin, while in normal hamster cells, microfilament bundles are prevalent. Differences between 3T3 and SV-40 transformed 3T3 cells are less apparent and may be related to the packing and intracellular distribution of microfilament bundles. Attempts at relating these ultrastructural changes in transformed cells to the images obtained following reaction with fluorescein-labelled myosin fragments and indirect immunofluorescence with smooth muscle myosin antibody are discussed. In several instances the fluorescence microscope images do not correspond to the ultrastructural observations. The results are discussed in terms of the possible relationships between alterations in cytoplasmic contractile elements and the abnormal behavior of transformed cells.
    Additional Material: 27 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jss.400050206
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Fractionation of desmosomes and comparison of the polypeptide composition of desmosomes prepared from two bovine epithelial tissues (1988)
    New York, N.Y. : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular Biochemistry 36 (1988), S. 223-236 
    Details
    ISSN: 0730-2312
    Keywords: desmosomes ; bovine epithelial tissue ; fractionation ; polypeptide composition ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Desmosomes isolated from bovine tongue mucosa or muzzle epidermis appeared identical by ultrastructural analyses but had some differences in their polypeptide compositions as determined by SDS-PAGE. These preparations were extracted in 9 M urea, 10 mM Tris-HCl (pH 9), and 25 mM B-mercaptoethanol and then centrifuged at 240,000g for 30 min. The urea-soluble and insoluble fractions were analyzed by SDS-PAGE. The urea soluble fractions of both tongue and muzzle desmosomes were enriched in polypeptides of 240, 210, 81, and 75 kDa and also polypeptides (40 to 70 kDa) that were keratin-like, as determined by immunoblotting analyses with keratin antisera. The urea insoluble fraction of tongue desmosomes contained glycoproteins of 165, 160, 140, 110, and 100 kDa, while this fraction from muzzle contained glycoproteins of 165, 115, and 105 kDa. Ultrastructural examinations of insoluble pellets obtained from urea extracted tongue and muzzle desmosomes showed that most of the components at the cytoplasmic faces of the desmosomes were removed, while the membrane regions of the desmosomes resisted the treatment. The urea soluble proteins were dialyzed against 10 mM Tris-HCl (pH 7.6), and the resulting preparation was pelleted by centrifugation and examined by electron microscopy. Ultrastructural examination of this material revealed that it had assembled into a fibrillar meshwork, similar to the fibrillar region adjacent to the submembranous plaque of isolated desmosomes. Thus, treatment of isolated desmosomes with 9 M urea allowed the fractionation of membrane-associated desmosomal proteins from cytoplasmic desmosomal proteins. A comparison of these fractions from tongue and muzzle indicated that the polypeptide compositions of the desmosomes varied between tissues, especially with respect to the fractions enriched in either glycoproteins or keratin.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jcb.240360304
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