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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Exercise induced increases in muscle fiber number (1986)
    Springer
    European journal of applied physiology 55 (1986), S. 137-141 
    Details
    ISSN: 1439-6327
    Keywords: Weight-lifting exercise ; Cat ; Flexor carpi radialis muscle ; Nitric acid digestion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The effect of weight-lifting, which induced muscular enlargement, on fiber number was tested in the flexor carpi radialis muscle by operantly conditioning 6 cats to flex their right wrist against increasing resistance for an average of 101 weeks. The left was used as a control. At the end of training, the cats were performing “one-arm“ lifts with an average of 57% of their body weight. There was an 11% greater muscle weight (P〈0.01) and 9% (P〈0.02) more fibers in the exercised muscles from the right limb than in the left. This study using a different method, supports our earlier observations that prolonged weight-lifting exercise significantly increases the total number of muscle fibers.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00714995
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Muscle cross-sectional area and torque in resistance-trained subjects (1990)
    Springer
    European journal of applied physiology 60 (1990), S. 86-90 
    Details
    ISSN: 1439-6327
    Keywords: Skeletal muscle ; Muscle contraction ; Computed tomography ; Bodybuilders
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Eight elite male bodybuilders (MB), five elite female bodybuilders (FB), eight male control (MC), and eight female control recreational weight-trainers (FC) performed maximal elbow flexions on an isokinetic dynamometer at velocities between 1.02 and 5.24 rad·s−1, from which peak torque (PT) was measured. Elbow flexor cross-sectional area (CSA) was measured by computed tomographic scanning. Flexor CSA·lean body mass−1 ratios were greater in MB than in other subject groups. Correlations of PT were positively related to CSA but negatively to CSA·lean body mass−1 and to PT·CSA−1. PT·CSA−1 at low-velocity contractions were greater in MC and FC than in MB and FB groups, suggesting a training effect. The velocity-associated declines in torque between velocities of 1.02 and 5.24 rad·−1 averaged 28.4 ± 0.9% and were statistically identical in men and women among the subject groups, suggesting that neither gender nor training had affected this variable.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00846026
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Fiber size distribution in the flexor carpi radialis muscle of the cat (1979)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 195 (1979), S. 447-453 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The pennate flexor carpi radialis muscle of the cat has been shown to have a compartmentalized distribution of muscle fiber types. The possibility exists that the oxidative regions of the FCR are primarily concerned with fine movements including postural adjustments, while fast-twitch glycolytic region is used more for phasic movements. Muscle fiber diameters were measured for all three fiber types to determine if there was a compartmentalization of fiber size that might reflect differences in motor performance between the different regions of the same muscle. This study has demonstrated that the oxidative fiber types are significantly larger in the oxidative compartment when compared with the same fiber types in the glycolytic compartment and that the cross-sectional area of the oxidative region is dominated by oxidative fibers. The glycolytic fibers are significantly larger in the glycolytic compartment when compared to those in the oxidative region of the muscle and they constitute the major fiber type in this region.
    Additional Material: 1 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.1091950305
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Direct correlation of histochemical profile to the ultrastructure of single myofibers and their neuromuscular junctions from a mixed muscle (1982)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 203 (1982), S. 1-17 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: It has been demonstrated that there are significant differences in the ultrastructural morphology of the three mammalian myofiber types and their neuromuscular junctions (NMJ). The description of these ultrastructural differences was based primarily on samples taken from muscles that were composed of predominantly one fiber type. The objectives of this study were 1) to determine if previously described ultrastructural characteristics could distinguish between the three fiber types and the NMJ in a mixed muscle containing similar percentages of each fiber type and 2) to determine if there were significant differences in the morphology of like fiber types when compared between two histochemical regions in a muscle with a compartmentalized fiber-type distribution. The muscle used in this study was the flexor carpi radialis (FCR) of the cat. The objectives were achieved by a direct correlation of ultrastructure to histochemical profile on the same isolated myofibers. This study revealed a wide range of morpohological variation among fiber types in the FCR. Although many fibers from the FCR could be classified by using accepted ultrastructural criteria, most could not. Compartmental differences were present in several of the ultrastructural parameters measured. The slow-twitch oxidative (SO) and fast-twitch oxidative-glycolytic (FOG) fibers in the oxidative compartment had a significantly larger myofiber core volume when compared to the fast-twitch glycolytic (FG) fibers from both compartments. Also, the FG fibers in the glycolytic region had a significantly larger membrane volume (terminal cisternae, T tubules, and sarcoplasmic reticulum) when compared to the FOG fibers in the oxidative compartment and the SO fibers in both regions.This study has demonstrated that considerable variation exists in the most commonly accepted ultrastructural features used for distinguishing the three myofiber types when sampled from a mixed muscle that is not dominated by one fiber type. These results suggest the possibility of a greater functional range in the same type of histochemically identified motor units from mixed muscle than in those from muscles containing predominantly one fiber type.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.1092030102
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Myosin isozyme expression in response to stretch-induced hypertrophy in the Japanese quail (1990)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 228 (1990), S. 255-261 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: When skeletal muscle is subjected to stretch it undergoes a rapid increase in muscle mass. However, the effect of stretch on the native myosin isozyme content of muscle has received attention only recently. Using the Japanese quail to investigate stretch-induced hypertrophy, we demonstrated an increase in the expression of fast myosin in the predominantly slow anterior latissimus dorsi muscle (ALD). The fast myosin content of the control quail ALD is not sufficient to be quantified on native myosin pyrophosphate gels. After 33 days of stretch, the fast myosin content (N = 10) averaged 16 ± 11% in the stretched muscles and reached a maximum of 40%. Mean hypertrophy in the stretched muscle, as indicated by muscle weight, was 247 ± 91%; (range, 168-378%). Fast myosin was consistently expressed in muscles with hypertrophy greater than 250%. Muscle fiber size from the stretched muscles contained a greater number of fibers with small cross-sectional areas than was observed in controls. These results indicate that substantial remodeling occurs in the stretched ALD muscle of the Japanese quail.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.1092280304
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Capillaries measured in canine diaphragm by two methods (1992)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 234 (1992), S. 49-54 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: We have measured capillary distribution in costal and crural canine diaphragm using two methods: histochemical processing and perfusion fixation. Each of 18 dogs was deeply anesthetized, the abdomen opened, and the left inferior phrenic artery cannulated. The animal was heparinized and overdosed with pentobarbital. The right hemidiaphragm was frozen, either postexcision (Protocol 1) or intact with no preload (Protocol 2), for histochemical processing. The left hemidiaphragm was fixed by perfusion in situ using 2% glutaraldehyde, either with preload (Protocol 1) or without (Protocol 2). Costal and crural regions of each hemidiaphragm were sampled for analysis. Frozen samples were sectioned and processed for acid-stable (pH 4.0) ATpase activity; perfusion-fixed samples were postifixed, stained, embedded in Epon, and sectioned. Measurements were made using a digital imaging system. We found that muscle fibers had smaller cross-sectional areas in costal than in crural diaphragm; capillary-to-fiber ratio (C:F) did not differ by region and regional differences in capillary density could be attributed to differences in fiber size. Results depended critically on methodology. In perfusion-fixed muscle, fiber area was less, C:F was greater, and capillary density was greater than in histochemically-processed tissue. We conclude that capillary distribution is similar in costal vs. crural diaphragm and that perfusion fixation identifies capillaries more effectively than histochemistry. © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.1092340106
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Motor-end-plate and nerve distribution in a histochemically compartmentalized pennate muscle in the cat (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    American Journal of Anatomy 159 (1980), S. 147-156 
    Details
    ISSN: 0002-9106
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Previous investigations in this laboratory have shown the flexor carpi radialis muscle (FCR) of the cat to be compartmentalized with regard to the distribution of muscle fiber types. This study was undertaken to determine whether each compartment of the FCR had a distinct motor innervation band, or whether there was only one innervation band, as has been reported previously for other muscles. In order to assess variation in motor innervation banding patterns, the innervation bands were correlated with the muscle-tendon architecture. Each compartment of the FCR possessed a distinct innervation band. In addition, it was observed that the nerve to the FCR divided into a number of separate intramuscular branches which were distributed to the different histochemical compartments. It is possible that muscle fibers innervated by a single intramuscular nerve branch, and possessing a discrete innervation band, are locally organized within subdivisions of the FCR. It is hypothesized that the compartmental organization of the FCR would allow discrete regions of the muscle to function independently when performing different motor tasks.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aja.1001590203
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