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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Embolisation of massive bleeding following hysterectomy, despite internal iliac artery ligation (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    BJOG 101 (1994), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1471-0528
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-0528.1994.tb13556.x
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Discriminative stimulus and subjective effects of smoked marijuana in humans (1988)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 94 (1988), S. 206-212 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Drug discrimination ; Humans ; Stimulus effects ; Subjective effects ; Mood ; Marijuana ; Cannabinoids ; Carbon monoxide
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The discriminative stimulus (DS) effects of smoked marijuana were studied by training marijuana smokers to discriminate between the effects of marijuana containing 2.7% △9-THC (M) and marijuana containing 0.0% △9-THC (P). In addition to measures of discrimination responding, subjective effects were assessed with standardized mood questionnaires. The post-smoking increase in expired air carbon monoxide (CO) level was used as an index of smoke inhalation. Relative to P cigarettes, M cigarettes increased heart rate and produced changes on eight mood scales. M cigarettes were rated as harsher and more potent than P cigarettes, and produced lower levels of CO than P cigarettes. The P-M discrimination was readily acquired by most subjects. The DS effects of marijuana showed a rapid onset, appearing within 90 s from the beginning of smoking. The DS effects were dose dependent, with 0.9% △9-THC marijuana producing primarily placebo-appropriate discrimination responding, and 1.4% △9-THC marijuana producing 100% drug-appropriate responding. This experimental paradigm could be used to determine whether the DS effects of smoked marijuana would generalize to those of other psychoactive drugs.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00176846
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Discriminative stimulus effects of ethanol and 3α-hydroxy-5α-pregnan-20-one in relation to menstrual cycle phase in cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis) (1997)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 130 (1997), S. 59-68 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Key words Ethanol ; Cynomolgus monkeys ; Neurosteroids ; Menstrual cycle ; Neuroactive steroids ; 3α-Hydroxy-5α-pregnan-20-one ; Drug discrimination
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  The present study was designed to characterize the discriminative stimulus effects of ethanol and the neurosteroid 3α-hydroxy-5α-pregnan-20-one (allopregnanolone) in nonhuman primates as a function of menstrual cycle phase. Female cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis) were trained in a two-lever procedure to discriminate 1.0 g/kg ethanol (IG, 30 min pretreatment) from water using food reinforcement. A cumulative dosing procedure was used to assess changes in the potency of ethanol and an endogenous anxiolytic steroid in the follicular versus the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle. Plasma progesterone and allopregnanolone levels were determined within 24 h of testing to verify phase of menstrual cycle. The monkeys were more sensitive to the discriminative stimulus effects of ethanol and the ethanol-like effects of the endogenous neuroactive steroid allopregnanolone during the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle. These findings suggest that changes in the endogenous levels of ovarian-derived progesterone and allopregnanolone alter sensitivity to the discriminative stimulus effects of ethanol.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002130050211
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Modulation of the ethanol-like discriminative stimulus effects of diazepam and phencyclidine by L-type voltage-gated calcium-channel ligands in rats (2000)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 149 (2000), S. 84-92 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Key words Ethanol ; Drug discrimination ; Voltage-gated calcium channel ; NMDA ; GABAA
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Rationale: Administration of voltage-gated calcium-channel (VGCC) modulators with ethanol can result in enhancement or attenuation of some behavioral effects of ethanol, including its discriminative stimulus effects. Objectives: The present study used a drug- discrimination paradigm to characterize modulation of the ethanol-like discriminative stimulus effects of a γ-amino-butyric acid (GABA)A and N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) ligand by administration of VGCC ligands. Methods: Two groups of adult male Long-Evans rats were trained to discriminate either 1.0 g/kg ethanol (n=8) or 2.0 g/kg ethanol (n=9) from water under a fixed-ratio (FR) 20 schedule of food presentation. Following training, ethanol substitution tests were conducted with cumulative doses of the GABAA-positive modulator diazepam (0.3–10 mg/kg, i.p.) (DZP) and the uncompetitive NMDA antagonist phencyclidine (0.3–5.6 mg/kg, i.p.) (PCP). Next, a single dose of the VGCC antagonist nimodipine, nifedipine, isradipine, or the VGCC agonist (–)-BAY k 8644 (0.3 mg/kg, i.p.) was administered prior to a cumulative DZP or PCP dose–response determination. Results: None of the VGCC modulators produced robust or consistent alterations in the ethanol-like discriminative stimulus effects of DZP in animals trained with either 1.0 g/kg or 2.0 g/kg ethanol. However, the ethanol-like discriminative stimulus effects of PCP were significantly enhanced in the presence of the VGCC antagonists and attenuated in the presence of the agonist in animals trained with 2.0 g/kg ethanol. Conclusions: Overall, these data show that VGCC modulation is not a robust component of ethanol-like discriminative stimulus effects of DZP in animals trained with 1.0 g/kg or 2.0 g/kg ethanol. However, the ethanol-like effects of PCP, particularly at higher training doses, appear to be modulated by dihydropyridine-sensitive VGCCs.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002139900344
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ethanol-like discriminative stimulus effects of the neurosteroid 3α-hydroxy-5α-pregnan-20-one in femaleMacaca fascicularis monkeys (1996)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 124 (1996), S. 340-346 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Ethanol ; Monkeys ; Neurosteroids ; Pentobarbital ; Neuroactive steroids ; Drug discrimination ; 3α-Hydroxy-5α-pregnan-20-one
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The present study was designed to characterize the discriminative stimulus effects of ethanol and the neurosteroid 3α-hydroxy-5α-pregnan-20-one (allopregnanolone) in non-human primates. Female cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis) were trained in a two-le-ver procedure to discriminate 1.0 g/kg ethanol (IG, 30 min pretreatment) from water using food reinforcement. Consistent with previous results in a variety of species, pentobarbital (0.56–17 mg/kg, IG) resulted in a dose-dependent substitution for the discriminative stimulus effects of ethanol, with an average ED50 value of 1.9 mg/kg. Administration of allopregnanolone (0.3–5.6 mg/kg, IV) also produced complete substitution for the discriminative stimulus effects of ethanol, with an ED50 value of 1.0 mg/kg. Plasma allopregnanolone levels 35 min following the administration of 3.0 mg/kg allopregnanolone ranged from 33 to 69 ng/ml. The ethanollike discriminative stimulus effects of 1.0 mg/kg allopregnanolone (IV) were present for 60 min, with a return to complete water-appropriate responding at 90 min post-treatment. The results indicate that the endogenous neuroactive steroid allopregnanolone produces subjective effects in cynomolgus monkeys that are similar to ethanol. These findings suggest that changes in the endogenous levels of allopregnanolone could alter sensitivity to the subjective effects of ethanol.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02247439
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Characterization of the ethanol-like discriminative stimulus effects of 5-HT receptor agonists as a function of ethanol training dose (1997)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 133 (1997), S. 133-141 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Key words Ethanol ; 5-HT ; Rats ; Drug discrimination ; Alcohol ; TFMPP ; mCPP ; RU 24969 ; CGS 12066B ; 8-OH DPAT
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  A drug discrimination procedure was used to characterize the ethanol-like effects of a variety of 5-HT1 agonists. Previous studies found that the degree of substitution of the 5-HT1B/2C agonist TFMPP (m-trifluoromethylphenylpiperazine) depended on the training dose of ethanol. The present studies extend this initial finding to four additional 5-HT agonists with different selectivity for 5-HT1A, 5-HT1B, or 5-HT2C receptors: CGS 12066B (7-trifluoromethyl-4(4-methyl-1-piperazinyl)-pyrrolo[1,2-a]quinoxaline maleate), mCPP [1-(3-chlorophenyl)piperazine diHCl], RU 24969 [5-methoxy-3(1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-4-pyridinyl]-1H-indole succinate and 8-OH DPAT [(±)-8-hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino)tetralin HBr]. Separate groups of rats were trained to discriminate 1.0 g/kg (n=7), 1.5 g/kg (n=6) or 2.0 g/kg (n=8) ethanol from water. Following training, three to five doses of each 5-HT agonist were tested twice in each rat. The most selective 5-HT1B agonist tested, CGS 12066B (3–17 mg/kg; IP), completely substituted for the 1.0 g/kg ethanol, but not for 1.5 or 2.0 g/kg ethanol. Likewise, the 5-HT1B/2C agonist mCPP (0.56–1.7 mg/kg; IP) completely substituted only in the 1.0 g/kg ethanol training group. The 5-HT1A/1B agonist RU 24969 (0.1–3.0 mg/kg; IP) substituted for all training doses of ethanol, although in a lower proportion of the rats tested in the 2.0 g/kg ethanol training group. Finally, the 5-HT1A agonist 8-OH DPAT (0.1–1.0 mg/kg; IP) did not substitute completely for any ethanol training dose. The results consistently show that agonists with 5-HT1B activity produce discriminative stimulus effects similar to low and intermediate, but not high, ethanol training doses.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002130050383
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Pharmacological analysis of the heterogeneous discriminative stimulus effects of ethanol in rats using a three-choice ethanol-dizocilpine-water discrimination (1998)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 139 (1998), S. 86-94 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Key words Ethanol ; Dizocilpine ; GABAA ; 5-HT ; NMDA ; Drug discrimination ; Rat ; Alcohol
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The present study used a three-choice operant drug discrimination procedure to determine if NMDA-mediated discriminative stimulus effects could be separated from other stimulus effects of 2.0 g/kg ethanol. Adult male Long-Evans rats (n = 7) were trained to discriminate dizocilpine (0.17 mg/kg; IG) from ethanol (2.0 g/kg; IG) from water (4.7 ml; IG) using food reinforcement. Substitution tests were conducted following administration of the GABAA positive modulators allopregnanolone (5.6–30.0 mg/kg; IP), diazepam (0.3–10.0 mg/kg; IP) and pentobarbital (1.0–21.0 mg/kg; IP), the non-competitive NMDA antagonist phencyclidine (0.3–10.0 mg/kg; IP), the 5-HT1 agonists TFMPP (0.3–5.6 mg/kg; IP) and RU 24969 (0.3–3.0 mg/kg; IP), and isopropanol (0.10–1.25 g/kg; IP). Allopregnanolone, diazepam and pentobarbital substituted completely (〉80%) for ethanol. Isopropanol partially (77%) substituted for ethanol. Phencyclidine substituted completely for dizocilpine. RU 24969 and TFMPP did not completely substitute for either training drug, although RU 24969 partially (62%) substituted for ethanol. Successful training of this three-choice discrimination indicates that the discriminative stimulus effects of 0.17 mg/kg dizocilpine were separable from those of 2.0 g/kg ethanol. The finding that attenuation of NMDA-mediated effects of ethanol occurred without altering significantly GABAA- and 5-HT1-mediated effects suggests that the NMDA component may be independent of other discriminative stimulus effects of 2.0 g/kg ethanol.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002130050693
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