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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of Intranigral Administration of 6-Hydroxydopamine and 5, 7-Dihydroxytryptamine on Rat Brain Tryptamine (1987)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of neurochemistry 48 (1987), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1471-4159
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract: Earlier experiments have shown that unilateral electrolytic lesions of the substantia nigra result in significant reductions in the rate of accumulation of rat striatal tryptamine. For elucidation of the type of neuronal degeneration that is associated with tryptamine depletion, the effects of intranigral injections of 6-hydroxydopamine or 5, 7-dihydroxytryptamine, which would affect, respectively, dopamine- or indoleamine-containing neurons, have been assessed. Nigral 6-hydroxydopamine lesions resulted in an ipsilateral reduction in the rate of accumulation of striatal tryptamine, but no changes were observed after nigral injections of 5, 7-dihydroxytryptamine. The present results suggest that decreases in the pargyline-induced accumulation of striatal tryptamine may be associated with lesions of the nigral dopamine-containing cell bodies. Alternatively, there may exist specific tryptamine-containing neurons that are damaged by 6-hydroxytryptamine and unaffected by 5, 7-dihydroxytryptamine.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-4159.1987.tb05669.x
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Tryptamine Concentrations in Areas of 5-Hydroxytryptamine Terminal Innervation After Electrolytic Lesions of Midbrain Raphe Nuclei (1985)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of neurochemistry 45 (1985), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1471-4159
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract: The possible existence of tryptamine-containing neurons originating in the midbrain raphe is suggested by several reports of tryptamine-mediated responses to electrical stimulation of the raphe nuclei. To assess this hypothesis, we have investigated the effects of electrolytic lesions of the median and dorsal raphe nuclei on striatal, hypothalamic, and hippocampal concentrations of tryptamine, 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid. In addition, the rat striatal tryptophan concentrations were also determined. No changes in the concentrations of tryptamine were observed at 1 or 2 weeks after lesioning the dorsal and median raphe nuclei, at which time the other 5-hydroxyindoles were markedly reduced; furthermore, no reductions were observed in tryptamine concentrations in the striatum, hypothalamus, or hippocampus of rats pretreated with a monoamine oxidase inhibitor. The only change observed in these rats was a limited increase in striatal tryptamine and tryptophan observed at 1 day after lesioning. The results indicate that tryptamine concentration is independent of the integrity of 5-HT-containing neurons of the midbrain raphe nuclei. Furthermore, if tryptamine-containing neurons that have terminal projections to the striatum, hypothalamus, and hippocampus exist, their cell bodies are located in regions outside the dorsal and median raphe nuclei. Another possibility could be that tryptamine is located in glial cells.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-4159.1985.tb04004.x
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Monoamine oxidase-B inhibition: a comparison of in vivo and ex vivo measures of reversible effects (1988)
    Springer
    Journal of neural transmission 74 (1988), S. 141-148 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-1463
    Keywords: Type-B monoamine oxidase ; reversible MAO inhibition ; dilution effects ; (−) deprenyl ; MD 240928 ; β-phenylethylamine ; locomotor activity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary A behavioural test involving potentiation of the effects of an acute injection of β-phenylethylamine (10 mg kg−1 i.p.) was used to assess the time-course of type-B MAO inhibition after administration of (−)deprenyl (5 mg kg−1 i.p.) and of MD 240928 (20 mg kg−1 i.p.) respectively. Potentiation of the effects of β-phenylethylamine was observed 1 h after injection of (−)deprenyl or MD 240928. This effect was still evident 120 h after administration of (−)deprenyl but not 24 h after administration of MD 240928. Comparisons of ex vivo estimates of MAO activity yielded a corresponding time-course for the recovery of this enzyme. The extent of MAO inhibition required for potentiation of the effects of β-phenylethylamine was inferred from a comparison of the behavioural test results and the ex vivo MAO activity observed after (−)deprenyl administration. These comparisons indicate a significant underestimation of MD 240928-induced MAO inhibition using ex vivo measures. This underestimation is interpreted as evidence fordilution effects in the ex vivo assay of MAO inhibition. The potentiation of effects of β-phenylethylamine under the present conditions is proposed as a useful and simple test for effects of reversible type-B MAO inhibitors.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01244780
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chronic effects of clomipramine and clorgyline on regional levels of brain amines and acid metabolites in rats (1989)
    Springer
    Journal of neural transmission 75 (1989), S. 73-79 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-1463
    Keywords: Catecholamines ; serotonin (5-HT) ; 5-HT reuptake blockade ; clorgyline ; clomipramine ; MAO inhibition ; metabolism
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Chronic effects of the antidepressant drug clomipramine (CMI), a potent 5-HT uptake blocker, on regional brain amine metabolism have not been reported. Regional brain levels of dopamine, noradrenaline, 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) and selected acid metabolites were measured following chronic administration (28 d via Alzet 2ML4 osmotic minipumps sc) of clorgyline (CLG, a preferential Type A monoamine oxidase inhibitor) (1 mg kg−1per d) and CMI (5mg kg−1per d). Doses are expressed as HCl salts. Male Sprague-Dawley rats (450–550 g) were used. Control animals received the distilled water vehicle. Following instant guillotine decapitation, the frontal cortex, caudate nucleus, hypothalamus and hippocampus were dissected out and stored at −70 °C until assayed using high-pressure liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection. Clorgyline induced expected increases in amine levels and decreased acid metabolite levels in accord with previous studies. Clomipramine induced a decrease in 5-HIAA levels in all regions, although not as pronounced as the decrease observed with CLG. The specificity of effects of CMI for 5-HT was maintained in all brain regions except the hippocampus and frontal cortex. In these two regions CMI also induced a significant decrease in levels of DOPAC and HVA.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01250645
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The effect of raphé nuclei lesions on striatal tyramine concentration and dopamine turnover in the rat (1986)
    Springer
    Neurochemical research 11 (1986), S. 687-693 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-6903
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract This is an investigation of the effects of electrolytic lesions (1 mA, 10s, anodal) on the median and dorsal raphé nuclei of Wistar rats on the striatal concentrations ofp-tyrosine,p-tyramine,m-tyramine, DA, DOPAC, and HVA. The extent of the lesions was estimated in terms of the depletion of 5-hydroxytryptamine and 5-hydroxyindole acetic acid as well as histological examination of the lesioned area. The results show that the raphé nuclei lesions increased rat striatal levels of DOPAC and HVA while levels of DA were unaffected, an effect that was observed within the first day after the lesions were made. The increases in DOPAC and HVA were accompanied by a reduction in striatalp-tyramine and an increase inm-tyramine. The results further support the existence of a reciprocal relationship betweenp-andm-tyramine concentration and dopamine metabolism. Previous experiments have demonstrated depletion ofp-TA following nigral lesions. The present results are, therefore, important in relation to tyramine distribution in brain. Thep-andm-tyramine concentrations were not reduced at 7 days after the raphé nuclei lesions indicating that if the striatal tyramine-containing neurons exist, they do not originate in or pass through the dorsal or median raphé nuclei.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00965337
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of acute and chronic phenelzine on regional monoamine metabolism in rats and its potentiation by deuterium substitution (1986)
    Springer
    Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology 333 (1986), S. 240-245 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1912
    Keywords: Deuterium substitution ; Deuterated phenelzine ; Dopamine ; 3,4-Dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) ; Homovanillic acid (HVA) ; 5-Hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) ; 5-Hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) ; Osmotic minipumps ; Chronic drug administration
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Phenelzine is a monoamine oxidase inhibitor with antidepressant properties. The present study investigated effects of acute (1–2 mg kg−1 4h s.c.) and chronic (0.25–2 mg kg−1 day−1 Alzet miniosmotic pumps, 13 days s.c.) administration of phenelzine on regional monoamine metabolism in rats. The effects of these phenelzine treatments were compared with those of equivalent doses of a deuterated form of the drug (phenelzine-d4). The following brain regions and compounds were assessed using high performance lipuid chromatography with electrochemical detection: Striatum: dopamine, DOPAC, HVA, 5-HT, 5-HIAA; hypothalamus: dopamine, 5-HT, 5-HIAA, noradrenaline; hippocampus: 5-HT, 5-HIAA, noradrenaline; frontal cortex: dopamine, noradrenaline, 5-HT, 5-HIAA. Acute drug administration increased levels of dopamine, 5-HT and noradrenaline with the exception of dopamine in the hypothalamus and frontal cortex and 5-HT in the hypothalamus. DOPAC, HVA and 5-HIAA levels were decreased. After chronic administration amine levels increased with the exception of dopamine administration amine levels increased with the exception of dopamine in the hypothalamus. The respective acid metabolites were also decreased. These effects of phenelzine were markedly potentiated by deuterium which was substituted for hydrogen in the side chain. The potentiation of these effects was enhanced with chronic administration, differences between phenelzine and phenelzine-d4 effects being more marked at lower doses.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00512936
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Reciprocal changes in striatal dopamine and β-phenylethylamine induced by reserpine in the presence of monoamine oxidase inhibitors (1988)
    Springer
    Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology 338 (1988), S. 644-648 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1912
    Keywords: β-Phenylethylamine ; Dopamine ; 5-Hydroxytryptamine ; Amine metabolism ; Reserpine ; Monoamine oxidase inhibitors
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Recent studies have demonstrated that selective monoamine oxidase inhibition may induce changes in brain β-phenylethylamine availability following lesions. The present study used this approach to re-assess the possible effects of reserpine on striatal concentrations of β-phenylethylamine and of other amines and selected metabolites. Mice were injected with pargyline (2,200 mg kg−1, 4 h), clorgyline (2 mg kg−1, 2 h) or (−)deprenyl (2 mg kg−1, 2 h) alone or in combination with reserpine (1,10 mg kg−1, 2 h). Increases in β-phenylethylamine accumulation were observed in the presence of both (−)deprenyl or pargyline respectively after reserpine except in the case of combined 200 mg kg−1 of pargyline plus 1 mg kg−1 of reserpine. In this condition, a minimal dopamine decrease was observed (to 80% of the concentration of pargyline-treated controls). Increases in β-phenylethylamine concentration were not observed with reserpine alone (1 or 10 mg kg−1). In the latter condition, the concentrations of β-phenylethylamine remained at control values due to the activity of monoamine oxidase B. Changes in p-tyrosine, 5-hydroxytryptamine or tryptophan did not consistently accompany increases in β-phenylethylamine accumulation. Increased β-phenylethylamine accumulation was always accompanied by the decreases in dopamine induced by reserpine in mice with either non-selective (200 mg kkg−1 pargyline) or type B monoamine oxidase inhibition (2 mg kg−1 pargyline or deprenyl). These data suggest that although the changes in β-phenylethylamine accumulation may not be due simply to p-tyrosine availability they are related to dopamine levels in the intact striatum.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00165628
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of chlordiazepoxide on the self-regulated duration of lateral hypothalamic stimulation in rats (1983)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 81 (1983), S. 236-238 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Chlordiazepoxide ; Self-stimulation ; Selfregulated duration ; Response duration ; Reinforcement ; Fixed interval
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Rats were exposed to a fixed-interval 60-s schedule under which responding was maintained by electrical stimulation of the lateral hypothalamus. The duration of stimulation was controlled by the duration of each lever press that initiated reinforcement. The effects of variation in current intensity and administration of several chlordiazepoxide (CDP) doses (2.5–20 mg/kg IP) were investigated. The duration of stimulation was inversely related to current intensity. Administration of CDP resulted in increases in response rate and the durations of reinforced and nonreinforced responses. CDP increased the response duration reliably more with non-reinforced responses than with responses that served to regulate the duration of stimulation. Thus CDP-induced increases in the duration of brain stimulation with the single lever self-regulation procedure may not be attributed to a specific effect of this compound on neural processes underlying reinforcement. The present results indicate the utility of intermittent schedules in establishing the specificity of drug effects on self-regulated duration of brain stimulation in the single-lever condition.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00427269
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Differential aversive stimulus properties of β-phenylethylamine and of d-amphetamine (1984)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 82 (1984), S. 189-193 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: β-Phenylethylamine ; d-Amphetamine ; Conditioned taste aversion ; Aversive stimulus properties ; Stereotypy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract In a conditioned taste-aversion experiment with male Wistar rats (two-bottle test, single pairing), the effects of β-phenylethylamine (PEA 12.5, 25.0, 50.0, 100.0 mg/kg IP) and of d-amphetamine (2.5 mg/kg IP) were compared with the effect of the saline vehicle. The amphetamine-treated group exhibited a marked aversion to saccharin on each of four retention trials. A decrease in saccharin intake after PEA was limited to the highest dose group (100 mg/kg) and the first retention trial for that group. Doses of up to 50 mg/kg of PEA were also ineffective with a single-bottle conditioned taste-aversion procedure involving multiple conditioning trials, although doses of 25 and 50 mg/kg of PEA induced marked changes in spontaneous motor activity. These data demonstrate that behaviourally active doses of PEA are ineffective in inducing a conditioned taste aversion to saccharin. This result extends previous reports that structurally similar compounds may have different potencies in this paradigm. It is proposed that further studies of structureactivity relationships may help to reveal the features of drug action that are necessary for the induction of a conditioned taste aversion.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00427771
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Acute fluoxetine treatment potentiates amphetamine hyperactivity and amphetamine-induced nucleus accumbens dopamine release: possible pharmacokinetic interaction (1999)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 141 (1999), S. 421-427 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Key words SSRI ; Cytochrome P450 ; Serotonin ; Microdialysis ; Norfluoxetine ; Locomotor activity ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Amphetamine stimulates locomotor activity, in large part by activating central dopaminergic systems. Serotonin shares on overlapping distribution with dopamine and has been shown to modulate dopaminergic function and dopamine-mediated behaviors. The present study examined whether increasing serotonergic function, via the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor fluoxetine, would alter the stimulatory effects of amphetamine on locomotor activity and dopamine overflow in the nucleus accumbens. In addition, the present study determined whether fluoxetine treatment would alter the metabolism of amphetamine. Results show that 5.0 mg/kg fluoxetine potentiated the locomotor activity induced by amphetamine (0.5–1.0 mg/ kg), and enhanced the increased dopamine overflow in the nucleus accumbens induced by amphetamine. Fluoxetine treatment also resulted in a higher concentration of amphetamine in the CNS. Together, these findings indicate that acute fluoxetine treatment potentiates the locomotor stimulating and dopamine activating effects of amphetamine. Further, the results indicate that fluoxetine potentiates the effects of amphetamine by decreasing the metabolism of amphetamine, probably through inhibition of cytochrome P450 isozymes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002130050852
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