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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Nitridization of diffusion-chromized steel — A new type of chemicothermal treatment (1967)
    Springer
    Metal science and heat treatment 9 (1967), S. 177-180 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8973
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Conclusions 1. The new process of diffusion chromizing of austenitic steels with subsequent nitridization produces a diffusion coating consisting of the hardening Cr2N phase with austenite. 2. The chromonitride case produced on austenitic steels and alloys by this method is useful for increasing the resistance to erosion, scoring, and wear at elevated temperatures.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00653135
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Regularities in the structural formation of the chromed layer in iron-chromenickel alloys (1964)
    Springer
    Metal science and heat treatment 6 (1964), S. 170-174 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8973
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Conclusions 1. The relation of the depth of chroming of iron-chrome-nickel alloys to the structure of an isothermic section of the ternary phase diagram has been indicated. 2. It has been established that during usual chroming of an alloy containing 35% Ni (KhN35VT steel) the change in chemical composition of the surface layer in the diffusion zone principally corresponds in the isothermic section of the diagram to the direction of a radial section joining the composition point of this alloy with the vertex of the concentration triangle belonging to chromium. 3. In chroming the same alloy (KhN35VT) under identical conditions but with the use of an accelerator, the appreciable acceleration of chromium diffusion is related to the fact that the chemical composition of the surface layer in the diffusion zone is characterized by a sharp rise in the ratio of iron to nickel as compared to this same ratio in the base metal. This leads to deviation of the composition points of the surface layer in the isothermic section of the diagram from the direction of the radial section and occasions the formation in the structure of the layer of a zone of α-phase in which the coefficient of chromium diffusion is greater than in the γ-phase. 4. It has been shown that during usual chroming of KhN35VT steel with powders in hermetic containers a transfer not only of atoms of iron but also of nickel atoms from the metal to ghe gas medium takes plase. 5. The existence of a zone of metastable austenite has been established when chroming an alloy containing 35% Ni (KhN35VT steel); this is explained by the absence on the chromium concentration curve of an abrupt change in concentration in the interval of values corresponding to the intermediate region in the isothermic section of the ternary diagram.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00657720
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Acceleration of the process of diffusional saturation of alloys with chromium (1965)
    Springer
    Metal science and heat treatment 7 (1965), S. 643-646 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8973
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Conclusions 1. We have examined (in the general case and also using the example of the Fe−Cr−Ni system), the possibility of accelerating the rate of diffusional saturation with chromium of alloys belonging to some binary and ternary metal systems by changing the ratio between the two components of the system in the diffusion zone. 2. It was shown that the depth of the diffusion of chromium into the 1KhN35VT alloy depends on the ratio between iron and nickel in the surface layer resulting from diffusional chromating. 3. It was shown that the increase in the ratio of Fe/Ni in the diffusion zone of the 1KhN35VT alloy necessary to accelerate the diffusion rate in the case of chromating in mixtures containing iron is attained by diffusion of iron into the alloy and desorption of nickel. 4. The optimum ratio between Fe and Cr in the chromating mixture for the 1KhN35VT alloy is 1/6 to 1/4 when the concentration of Cr is 56 and 60%, respectively.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00654224
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Saturation of steel Kh18N10T with molybdenum from the vapor phase (1973)
    Springer
    Metal science and heat treatment 15 (1973), S. 197-200 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8973
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Conclusions 1. It was found experimentally that under certain conditions of coating steel Kh18N10T with molybdenum from the vapor phase the diffusion coating has a structure characteristic of reaction diffusion in the initial stage of the process. With an increase of the processing time an interlayer of α phase appears in the molybdenum coating, in conformity with the molybdenum-austenitic steel phase diagram. 2. From calculation of the balance of mass transfer of molybdenum at the interface and investigation of the structure of the diffusion coating it was found that the reaction mechanism of diffusion is due to the value of the ratio of external mass transfer to internal mass transfer and also to the thermodynamic factor. 3. The kinetics of the growth of α phase in the molybdenum coating was investigated. The growth rate is characterized by a parabolic law and is limited by the diffusion of molybdenum through the layer of Fe3Mo2. 4. The diffusion coefficient of molybdenum in α phase was calculated in coating steel Kh18N10T with molybdenum from the vapor phase. 5. It was found that there may be an advantage in the structure of the molybdenum coating obtained under conditions of reaction diffusion, which can be used to develop means of protecting austenitic steels against corrosion.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00648150
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The effect of diffusion chromizing on the properties of steel previously carburized (1970)
    Springer
    Metal science and heat treatment 12 (1970), S. 872-875 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8973
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Conclusions 1. The selection of carburizing and diffusion chromizing conditions for low- and medium-carbon steels makes it possible to increase the surface hardness to HRC 60-50 after final heat treatment without quench cracks, which raises the fatigue limit several times as compared with the strength after chromizing without carburizing. 2. After carburizing and diffusion chromizing of steel 18KhGT the carbon concentration down to a depth of 0.6 mm amounts to 0.8–0.7%, and after quenching and low-temperature tempering the surface hardness is HV 1400-1650, HRC 58-59; the fatigue limit in symmetrical bending is σ −1, = 81 kg/mm2 σ−1c. 3. After chromizing of steel 18KhGT previously carburized, followed by quenching and low-temperature tempering the fatigue limit increased by 29% for samples carburized in active carburizer and by 57% for samples carburized in weak carburizer as compared with the same treatment but without chromizing. 4. Carburizing with subsequent diffusion chromizing can be used to increase the wear resistance of machine parts operating under high contact pressures and cyclic loads.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00654480
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Combined saturation of die steels with chromium and carbon (1975)
    Springer
    Metal science and heat treatment 17 (1975), S. 30-33 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8973
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Conclusions 1. The use of preliminary carburizing for steels 4Kh5MFS, 4Kh2M1FN, and 4Kh5V2FS results in a layer of chromium carbide 30–50% deeper after chromizing, and also a higher surface hardness after quenching and tempering. 2. Preliminary carburizing improves the heat resistance, red hardness, and hot wear as compared with diffusion chromizing (without carburizing) or standard heat treatment. 3. Production tests of mandrels and matrixes of cable presses made of steels 4Kh5MFS and 4Kh2M1FN indicate that after the combination treatment the durability is three to four times higher than that of tools made of steel 3Kh2V8F subjected to standard heat treatment.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00663084
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of the atmosphere during heating of carburized Cr−Ni steel to quenching temperature on decomposition of austenite (1976)
    Springer
    Metal science and heat treatment 18 (1976), S. 443-445 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8973
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Conclusions 1. Chemical analysis of carburized foil 0.25 mm thick of steel 20Kh2N4A showed that with heating to quenching temperature for 2 h in air the average carbon concentration decreases from 1.23 to 0.4%, while the oxygen concentration increases from 0.14 to 0.4%. The addition of ammonia to the mixture of endothermal gas with natural gas led to a concentration of 0.3% N in the foil and lowered the microhardness (to H100=600). 2. To prevent decarburizing and oxidation of the surface zones of steel 20Kh2N4A, leading to premature wear and failure, the steel should be heated in hydrocarbon gases, with ammonia in some cases.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00775208
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Kinetics and mechanism of diffusion saturation of steel with chromium in a closed reaction space (1978)
    Springer
    Metal science and heat treatment 20 (1978), S. 224-229 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8973
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Conclusions 1. External mass transfer was investigated in a metal-medium system during diffusion chromizing of steel. 2. Empirical relationships are given for integral flows of mass transfer occurring during diffusion chromizing of austenitic steel and commercial iron, and expressions for the coefficients of mass transfer and its rate changes. 3. It was shown that the shift of the metal-medium interface depends on the ratio of the external flow of chromium from the medium into the metal, and iron and nickel from the metal into the medium, determining the mass balance at the boundary of separation. 4. We also investigated the effect of temperature (1050°, 1150°) on the rate of mass transfer and determined the activation energy of the transfer of chromium through the metal-medium interface. 5. The process of diffusion chromizing was considered as a set of chemical transport reactions determining its specific characteristics. 6. The pressure change in a sealed container heated to chromizing temperature was investigated and the reasons were given for the drop in pressure.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00777099
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