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Viscous flow reactor with quartz crystal microbalance for thin film growth by atomic layer deposition (2002)

Elam, J. W. ; Groner, M. D. ; George, S. M.

[S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)

Review of Scientific Instruments 73 (2002), S. 2981-2987

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ISSN: 1089-7623

Source: AIP Digital Archive

Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology

Notes: A chemical reactor was constructed for growing thin films using atomic layer deposition (ALD) techniques. This reactor utilizes a viscous flow of inert carrier gas to transport the reactants to the sample substrates and to sweep the unused reactants and reaction products out of the reaction zone. A gas pulse switching method is employed for introducing the reactants. An in situ quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) in the reaction zone is used for monitoring the ALD film growth. By modifying a commercially available QCM housing and using polished QCM sensors, quantitative thickness measurements of the thin films grown by ALD are obtained in real time. The QCM is employed to characterize the performance of the viscous flow reactor during Al2O3 ALD. © 2002 American Institute of Physics.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1490410

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Specific effects of the benzodiazepine midazolam on visual receptive fields in light and dark adapted human subjects (1992)

Groner, M. ; Fisch, H. -U. ; Walder, F. ; [et al.]

Springer

Psychopharmacology 109 (1992), S. 68-76

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ISSN: 1432-2072

Keywords: Visual system ; Visual receptive fields ; Subthreshold summation ; Shift effect ; Dark adaptation ; Benzodiazepines ; GABA ; Bicuculline ; Dopamine ; Levodopa ; Sulpiride ; Atropine ; Human ; Cat ; Psychophysics

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Medicine

Notes: Abstract Psychophysical experiments in humans have revealed similar characteristics of visual receptive fields as were found in cats and monkeys from retinal ganglion cell recordings. In addition, in some retinal ganglion cells of cats the GABA antagonist bicuculline decreases the activity of the inhibitory surround. These findings led to two predicitions: 1) benzodiazepines will selectively increase the inhibitory surround of human visual receptive fields, 2) after dark adaptation, no free GABA will be available in the synapses and benzodiazepines will have no effect on the visual system. Characteristics of human receptive fields were determined by subthreshold summation: the contrast threshold of a vertical line was measured dependent on the distance of two parallel flanking lines whose contrast was below threshold. Both hypotheses were confirmed: the threshold in the inhibitory region of receptive fields was specifically increased in a dose-dependent manner by midazolam PO (7.5 mg:P〈0.05; 15 mg:P〈0.01). In dark-adapted subjects no effect of midazolam was found. Control experiments with atropine (1 mg IV), sulpiride (100 mg IM), and levodopa (100 mg PO) showed no specific effect. The visual system may be a model to bridge the gap between animal and human psychopharmacology.