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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Multistep carcinogenesis of breast cancer and tumour heterogeneity (1997)
    Springer
    Journal of molecular medicine 75 (1997), S. 429-439 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1440
    Keywords: Key words Oncogenes ; Tumour suppressor genes ; Breast cancer ; Carcinogenesis ; Breast pathology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Breast cancer emerges by a multistep process which can be broadly equated to transformation of normal cells via the steps of hyperplasia, premalignant change and in situ carcinoma. The elucidation of molecular interdependencies, which lead to development of primary breast cancer, its progression, and its formation of metastases is the main focus for new strategies targetted at prevention and treatment. Cytogenetic and molecular genetic analysis of breast cancer samples demonstrates that tumour development involves the accumulation of various genetic alterations including amplification of oncogenes and mutation or loss of tumour suppressor genes. Amplification of certain oncogenes with concomitant overexpression of the oncoprotein seems to be specific for certain histological types. Loss of normal tumour suppressor protein function can occur through sequential gene mutation events (somatic alteration) or through a single mutational event of a remaining normal copy, when a germline mutation is present. The second event is usually chromosome loss, mitotic recombination, or partial chromosome deletion. Chromosome loci 16q and 17p harbour tumour suppressor genes, which seem to be pathognomonic for the development or progression of a specific histological subtype. There are an overwhelming number of abnormalities that have been identified at the molecular level which fit the model of multistep carcinogenesis of breast cancer. When the functions of all of these genes are known and how they participate in malignant progression, we will have the tools for a more rational approach to diagnosis, prevention and treatment. This review deals only with the factors that are involved in the conversion of a normal breast cell into a malignant cell rather than those required for invasion and metastases. A key critical long-term step in the molecular analysis of breast cancer will be to link the specific molecular damage with the effects of environmental carcinogens.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001090050128
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Distribution of epithelial membrane antigen in benign and malignant lesions of the salivary glands (1982)
    Springer
    Virchows Archiv 397 (1982), S. 227-233 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Epithelial membrane antigen ; Salivary glands
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary An antiserum against epithelial membrane antigen has been used to stain a variety of lesions arising in the salivary glands. In normal major and minor glands staining was localised to the ductal systems. There was no evidence of myoepithelial cell staining. The mucous elements of the submandibular and sublingual glands were negative, but in the mucous elements of the minor glands there was focal cytoplasmic positivity. There was no cytoplasmic staining of serous elements in major or minor salivary glands. In pleomorphic adenomas the luminal membrane of ductal elements was strongly positive, with focal cytoplasmic positivity in some myxoid areas. In mucoepidermoid tumours both adjacent cell membranes and cytoplasm were strongly positive. The ductal structure of adenoid cystic carcinomas were clearly delineated while the pseudoducts produced by enclosed areas of stroma were negative. All mesenchymally derived tumours were negative and a tumour previously considered as a chondroma was strongly positive. The results are discussed in relation to phenotypic heterogeneity and the histogenesis of salivary gland tumours.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00442392
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    ‘Epimyoepithelial’ islands in lymphoepithelial lesions (1986)
    Springer
    Virchows Archiv 408 (1986), S. 603-609 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Sjogrens ; Myoepithelial ; Cytokeratins
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary A panel of antibodies has been used in an immunoenzyme study in an attempt to characterize the cell types found in the ‘epimyoepithelial’ islands of lymphoepithelial lesions. Myoepithelial cells, which can be specifically stained with ah anti-smooth muscle antibody were not found. The majority of cells stained with anti-prekeratin, suggesting a duct cell differentiation. A subpopulation of duct cells stainable with a monoclonal antikeratin (16a), previously described as occupying a basal location in normal salivary gland ducts, was clearly demonstrated. It is suggested that these cells may be important in the epithelial proliferation in these islands. The hyaline material within and surrounding the epithelial islands was positive for type IV collagen and therefore consists of basement membrane material.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00705339
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Human breast epithelium transplanted into nude mice (1984)
    Springer
    Virchows Archiv 404 (1984), S. 325-333 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Human breast ; Nude mice ; α-lactalbumin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Epithelial components of the normal human breast and their response to hormonal manipulation have been studied in the nude mouse. Six to eight week-old female athymic nude mice were used as the recipients of enzymatically prepared breast organoids, composed of ductal and lobuloalveolar structures. After 12 weeksin situ in the mouse mammary fat pad the human breast tissue retains its normal morphology as demonstrated by the presence of myosin positive myoepithelial cells and keratin positive luminal cells. Monoclonal antibodies M8 and M18 raised to components of the human milk fat globule membrane give a similar staining pattern in the xenografted organoids to that seen in the donor tissue. On mating the recipient female nude mice, the human breast tissue responds with both an increased3H-thymidine labeling index and α-lactalbumin production. This model in conjunction with in vitro studies is, therefore, suitable for the study of extrinsic and intrinsic factors controlling differentiation and morphogenesis in the human breast.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00694897
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Maintenance of normal human breast organoids within rat mammary fat pads in organ culture (1987)
    Springer
    Virchows Archiv 410 (1987), S. 495-500 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Human ; Rat ; Breast ; Mammary
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Normal human breast organoids, derived by collagenase digestion of reduction mammaplasty tissue specimens, have been cultured in vitro for up to 28 days after injection into organ cultures of virgin rat mammary fat pads. The culture medium was serum-free Waymouth's MB 752/ 1 with hormonal additives. The rat mammary tissue responded well to growth-promoting and lactogenic stimuli in the culture medium, in agreement with previous investigations. Using immunohistochemistry casein was identified in rat epithelia exposed to lactogenic medium. Human organoids in culture remained viable but did not show hormone-responsiveness. Electron microscopy confirmed the presence of both luminal epithelial cells and myoepithelial cells. The serum-free culture of normal human breast organoids in a three-dimensional matrix provides a system in which to study factors controlling growth and differentiation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00781684
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Human Breast Development (2000)
    Springer
    Journal of mammary gland biology and neoplasia 5 (2000), S. 119-137 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7039
    Keywords: breast development ; histology ; atlas
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract This review presents an atlas of the histology of the normal physiological states of the human breast including prenatal, prepubertal, and pubertal development, adult resting gland, pregnancy, lactation, and postinvolution. The aim is to produce a pictorial overview of the main stages in development and the common findings in the adult that are considered to be within the range of normality. Unlike inbred strains of animals, in humans it is clear that the chronology of ductal and lobular development is not predictable, either in the fetus, the infant, the peripubertal breast, or the adult. This is probably due to the individual variation in hormone levels both in utero and after birth. For many of the developmental time points there are very little data available. In this review we indicate the current state of knowledge of human breast development and some of the main similarities and differences with the rodent, the main animal model. The major phases of growth and development are described and accompanied by photographs that are representative of each stage. Stress is placed on terminology as there is confusion in the literature. This article is written as an accessory to the companion review on breast cancer.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1026487120779
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A common polymorphism acts as an intragenic modifier of mutant p53 behaviour (2000)
    [s.l.] : Nature America Inc.
    Nature genetics 25 (2000), S. 47-54 
    Details
    ISSN: 1546-1718
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: [Auszug] The p73 protein, a homologue of the tumour-suppressor protein p53, can activate p53-responsive promoters and induce apoptosis in p53-deficient cells. Here we report that some tumour-derived p53 mutants can bind to and inactivate p73. The binding of such mutants is influenced by whether TP53 ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/75586
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Identification of novel genes, SYT and SSX , involved in the t(X;18)(p11.2;q11.2) translocation found in human synovial sarcoma (1994)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature genetics 7 (1994), S. 502-508 
    Details
    ISSN: 1546-1718
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: [Auszug] Human synovial sarcomas contain a recurrent and specific chromosomal translocation t(X;18)(p11.2;q11.2). By screening a synovial sarcoma cDNA library with a yeast artificial chromosome spanning the X chromosome breakpoint, we have indentified a hybrid transcript that contains 5′ sequences ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ng0894-502
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Differentiation of a squamous carcinoma cell line in culture and tumourigenicity in immunologically incompetent mice (1983)
    Springer
    Virchows Archiv 400 (1983), S. 87-95 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: ac]19830209 ; Squamous carcinoma ; Keratinocytes ; Differentiation ; Basement membranes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The process of differentiation in keratinocytes is accompanied by specific membrane and cytoplasmic changes. Using simple tissue culture techniques a well differentiated squamous carcinoma cell line is shown to exhibit in vitro keratinization with the formation of a multi-layered structure and shedding of cells with a cornified envelope. The cell line produces tumours when xenografted into mice which are well differentiated and indistinguishable at the light and electron microscope level from the original surgical biopsy. It is concluded that the tumour will provide a suitable model for detailed in vitro and in vivo studies to compare both biological and pathological features of normal keratinocytes and their malignant counterparts.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00627012
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Immunohistochemical localisation of keratin in human lung tumours (1982)
    Springer
    Virchows Archiv 394 (1982), S. 269-277 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Keratin polypeptides ; Bronchogenic carcinoma ; Phenotypic modulation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Antisera against total keratin extracts of human callus have been used to identify keratins in lung tumours of different histological type. Forty-three were classified by the WHO scheme. Keratin immunoreactive cells were identified in all 8 epidermoid carcinomas; 6 out of 12 large cell carcinomas; 2 out of 6 adenocarcinomas; 2 out of 15 small cell carcinomas and in the only muco-epidermoid carcinoma. These cases demonstrate the heterogeneity of phenotypic expression in lung tumours not recognisable without the use of immunohistochemical techniques.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00430670
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