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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Flow cytometric screening and isolation of Escherichia coli clones which express surface antigens of the oil-degrading microorganism Acinetobacter calcoaceticus RAG-1 (1988)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 150 (1988), S. 432-437 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Cell sorting ; Flow cytometry ; Surface antigens ; Emulsan ; Acinetobacter calcoaceticus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Flow cytometry (FCM) in conjunction with immunocytochemical-labeling was used to analyze and screen a population of Escherichia coli clones containing a genomic library from the oil-degrading microorganism Acinetobacter calcoaceticus RAG-1 for the isolation of clones which expressed specific RAG-1 surface antigens. Reconstruction experiments using mixed populations indicated that RAG-1 cells could be clearly distinguished at a ratio of one RAG-1 cell to 500 Escherichia coli cells. Using this technique two clones, WM143 and WM191, were isolated and shown by restriction endonuclease cleavage and Southern hybridization to contain plasmids carrying inserts of RAG-1 DNA of 9.4 and 9.8 kb respectively.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00422282
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Relationship between phage resistance and emulsan production, interaction of phages with the cell-surface of Acinetobacter calcoaceticus RAG-1 (1981)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 130 (1981), S. 129-133 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Acinetobacter calcoaceticus ; Emulsan ; Emulsifying agent ; Cell-bound/cell-free heteropolysaccharide ; Phage receptor
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The hydrocarbon-degrading strain Acinetobacter calcoaceticus RAG-1 produces an extracellular emulsifying agent capable of forming stable oil-in-water emulsions. The bioemulsifier, termed emulsan, is a polyanionic heteropolysaccharide (M.W. 106) composed mainly of N-acyl D-galactosamine and an N-acyl hexosamine uronic acid. In order to probe the interaction of emulsan with the cell surface prior to its release into the growth medium, two new virulent bacteriophages for A. calcoaceticus RAG-1 were isolated from sewage and the properties of phage resistant mutants were studied. The two phages, ap-2 and ap-3, were differentiated on the basis of plaque morphology, electron microscopy and buoyant density. Isolated mutants of A. calcoaceticus RAG-1 which were resistant to one of the two phages retained sensitivity to the other phage. Resistance to phage ap-3 was accompanied by a severe drop in emulsan production. Independently isolated derivatives of A. calcoaceticus RAG-1 with a defect in emulsan production also turned out to be resistant towards phage ap-3. Antibodies prepared against purified emulsan specifically inhibited phage ap-3 adsorption to the cell surface of the parental strain.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00411064
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Esterase from the oil-degrading Acinetobacter lwoffii RAG-1: Sequence analysis and over-expression in Escherichia coli (1993)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    FEMS microbiology letters 112 (1993), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1574-6968
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The est gene encoding an esterase from Acinetobacter lwoffii RAG-1 was cloned into E. coli under the control of the PL promoter of the phage λ. The N-terminal sequence of the first 20 amino acids of the heterologous expressed esterase corresponded to that obtained from the nucleotide sequence. Antibodies prepared against the over-expressed recombinant esterase in E.coli were used to locate the enzyme primarily in the membrane fractions of A. lwoffiiRAG-1. Comparison with homologous proteins from both eukaryotic and prokaryotic organisms suggest that the RAG-1 esterase exhibits sequence motifs characteristic of both serine proteases and of lipases.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-6968.1993.tb06462.x
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    COOPERATIVE ORGANIZATION OF BACTERIAL COLONIES: From Genotype to Morphotype (1998)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Microbiology 52 (1998), S. 779-806 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4227
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract In nature, bacteria must often cope with difficult environmental conditions. To do so they have developed sophisticated cooperative behavior and intricate communication pathways. Utilizing these elements, motile microbial colonies frequently develop complex patterns in response to adverse growth conditions on hard surfaces under conditions of energy limitation. We employ the term morphotype to refer to specific properties of colonial development. The morphologies we discuss include a tip-splitting (T) morphotype, chiral (C) morphotype, and vortex (V) morphotype. A generic modeling approach was developed by combining a detailed study of the cellular behavior and dynamics during colonial development and invoking concepts derived from the study of pattern formation in nonliving systems. Analysis of patterning behavior of the models suggests bacterial processes whereby communication leads to self-organization by using cooperative cellular interactions. New features emerging from the model include various modes of cell-cell signaling, such as long-range chemorepulsion, short-range chemoattraction, and, in the case of the V morphotype, rotational chemotaxis. In this regard, pattern formation in microorganisms can be viewed as the result of the exchange of information between the micro-level (the individual cells) and the macro-level (the colony).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.micro.52.1.779
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Capsular polysaccharides interfere with adherence of Acinetobacter calcoaceticus to hydrocarbon (1983)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    FEMS microbiology letters 17 (1983), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1574-6968
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-6968.1983.tb00392.x
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Alternate hydrophobic sites on the cell surface of Acinetobacter calcoaceticus RAG-1 (1984)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    FEMS microbiology letters 22 (1984), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1574-6968
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Mutants of A. calcoaceticus RAG-1 lacking thin fimbriae (35 Å) do not adhere to hydrophobic surfaces [5], or grow on hydrocarbons under conditions of weak agitation and small inocula. Emulsan-deficient derivatives of such mutants, isolated in the present study, (i) lacked cell-surface emulsan, (ii) adhered avidly to hydrocarbons, (iii) lacked thin fimbriae, and (iv) regained the capacity to grow on hydrocarbons. The results show that emulsan masks an alternate hydrophobic site(s) on the cell surface of RAG-1.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-6968.1984.tb00746.x
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Unmasking of surface components by removal of cell-associated emulsan from Acinetobacter Sp. RAG-1 (1988)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 28 (1988), S. 93-99 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Acinetobacter calcoaceticus RAG-1 cells lacking the emulsan capsule on the cell surface were obtained by two methods; a) by selecting for mutants that lack emulsan with a specific phage and b) by removal of the emulsan capsule from wild type cells with a specific emulsan depolymerase. Emulsan deficient cells obtained by either method become deficient in the adsorption of phage ap3 and sensitive to a newly isolated bacteriophage, nø. When RAG-1 cells were first treated with emulsan depolymerase and subsequently incubated without the enzyme, regeneration of the cell-associated emulsan was correlated with an increase in phage ap3 adsorption and an inhibition in phage nø adsorption. By partial regeneration of cell surface emulsan, a physiological state was obtained in which RAG-1 cells were sensitive to and efficiently adsorbed found phages. Enzyme-treated RAG-1 cells were found to be more adherent to hexadecane than the untreated RAG-1 cells. The data indicate that in addition to its function as the ap3 receptor, cell-associated emulsan masks the expression of other cell-surface determinant(s) which function(s) as: (i) receptor for bacteriophage nø, and (ii) cell-surface sites which enhance adherence to hydrophobic surfaces.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00250505
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Properties of hydrocarbon-in-water emulsions stabilized by Acinetobacter RAG-1 emulsan (1982)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 24 (1982), S. 281-292 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Emulsan is a polymeric extracellular emulsifying agent produced by Acinetobacter RAG-1. Hydrocarbon-in-water emulsions (Vf of hydrocarbon of 0.01-0.10) were stabilized by small quantities of emulsan (0.02-0.2 mg/mL). Although both aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbon emulsions were stabilized by emulsan, mixtures containing both aliphatics and aromatics were better substrates for emulsan than the individual hydrocarbon by themselves. The emulsan remained tightly bound to the hydrocarbon even after centrifugation as determined by (a) residual emulsan in the aqueous phase and (b) the fact that the resulting “cream” readily dispersed in water to reform stable emulsions. With hexadecane-to-emulsan weight ratio of 39 and 155, the noncoalescing oil droplets had average droplet diameters of 2.0 and 4.0 μm, respectively. Dialysis studies showed that the water-soluble dye Rhodamine B adsorbed tightly to the interface of hexadecane-emulsan droplets although the dye did not bind to either hexadecane or emulsan alone. At saturating concentrations of dye, 2.2 μmol of dye were bound per mg emulsan.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260240203
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Uranium binding by emulsan and emulsanosols (1983)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 25 (1983), S. 1725-1735 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Emulsan, the extracellular bioemulsifier of Acinetobacter RAG-1, bound up to 0.9 μm of uranium per 1 mg emulsan. The dissociation constant for the emulsan-uranium complex, KappI was 1.2 × 10-4M. Much larger amounts of uranium were bound to emulsan when the biopolymer occurred on hexadecane-water interfaces. Under these conditions, more than 3.5 µm uranium were bound per 1 mg emulsan and the dissociation constant KappII was 5.1 × 10-5M. At pH 2, more than 90% of the uranium bound to emulsan on the hexadecane-water interface was desorbed, while less than 10% bioemulsifier was released from the interface. The different binding parameters of emulsan when free in solution and while adsorbed onto the hexadecane water interface are discussed in view of potential applications and as a model system for studying the properties of an extracellular amphipathic polymer bound to a hydrophobic surface.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260250704
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