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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Metabolic Engineering of Animal Cells (1996)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 782 (1996), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1749-6632
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.1996.tb40545.x
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Modeling of high cell density fed batch cultivation (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    FEMS microbiology reviews 14 (1994), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1574-6976
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract: Escherichia coli was grown in carbon- and energy source-limited fed batch cultures to study the effect of osmotic stress and different feed rates on the growth kinetics. An unstructured model based on the linear equation for substrate consumption provided an adequate description of the bacterial growth during the first phase of biomass production (20 h), except for cultures exposed to osmotic stress by the addition of 0.5 M NaCl. The addition of salt to the culture media had a large effect on the energetics, that could not simply be described in terms of an increased maintenance requirement. In the later phase of growth, an extensive decline in viability for all cultures was observed. Coincidentally, the specific sugar uptake rate approached a lower limit. It is concluded that the total obtainable biomass in a fed batch culture is strongly affected by the magnitudes of the substrate feed rate and the ionic strength of the culture medium.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-6976.1994.tb00070.x
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Denitrification of water using immobilized Pseudomonas denitrificans cells (1980)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 10 (1980), S. 261-274 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Preparations of living Pseudomonas denitrificans cells immobilized in alginate gel were used in the denitrification of water. In the presence of an exogenous carbon source the entrapped microorganisms reduced nitrate and nitrite to gaseous products and to achieve complete reduction, carbon to nitrogen ratios of over two were required. The effects on denitrification of particle size and the number of bacteria in the gel were investigated. Apparent Km values for nitrate and nitrite reduction were calculated for free and immobilized cells. When the immobilized cells were incubated in nutrient media, an increase in reduction rate was observed and this was shown to be caused by the growth of cells within the gel particles. Immobilized P. denitrificans cells retained 75% of their initial nitrate reduction capacity after 21 days of storage at +4°C. The operational stability of the alginate-immobilized cells was studied both in batch and in a column which was operated continuously. A column (45 g of alginate-cell fibers in 80 ml) denitrified a high nitrate drinking water (100 mg NO3/l) with a rate of 300 ml of nitrate and nitrite free water/day/g of gel. The half life for nitrate reduction was estimated to be 30 days.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00498724
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Control of immobilized, non-growing cells for continuous production of metabolites (1983)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 17 (1983), S. 143-147 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary A technique for maintaining constant activity during continuous production with immobilized, non-growing cells has been developed. A single stage continuous system with alginate immobilized Clostridium acetobutylicum, was mainly fed with a glucose medium that supported fermentation of acetone-butanol but did not permit microbial growth. The inactivation that occured during these conditions was prevented by pulse-wise addition of nutrients to the reactor. Using this technique the ratio of biomass to butanol was reduced to 2% (w/w) compared to 34% in a traditional batch culture. At steady state conditions butanol was the major end product with a yield coefficient of 0.20 (g/g glucose). The productivity of butanol was 16.8 g/l·day during these conditions. In a corresponding system with immobilized growing cells the ratio of biomass to butanol was 52–76% and the formation of butyric and acetic acid increased thereby reducing the yield coefficient for butanol to 0.11 (g/g). With the intermittent nutrient dosing technique constant activity from immobilized non-growing cells has been achieved for 8 weeks.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00505878
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of cultural conditions on the production of phenylalanine from a plasmid-harboring E. coli strain (1987)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 26 (1987), S. 136-140 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Phenylalanine production from E. coli KA 197/pJN6 (plasmid harboring genes for aro F, phe AFBR, AmpR and TcR) was studied under varying nutritional conditions in batch and continuous cultures. In batch culture experiments where growth was deliberately interrupted by limiting concentrations of sulphate and phosphate the phenylalanine production continued from the non-growing cells. However, the depletion of phosphate resulted in an immediate cessation of phenylalanine production but thereafter a low specific rate of phenylalanine formation resumed, while the decrease in specific rate of product formation was less after sulphate depletion. In the chemostat experiments, however, phosphate limitation was the only case where the specific rate of phenylalanine formation remained constant, while at the corresponding time in sulphate and glucose limited chemostats it was declining respectively had ceased.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00253897
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Kinetics of product formation in batch and continuous culture of Clostridium barkeri (1986)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 23 (1986), S. 187-190 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary The main fermentation end products in batch culture (unlimited glucose supply) of Clostridium barkeri were butyrate and lactate. The specific rate of butyrate production was linearly proportional to the growth rate while the specific rate of lactate production increased at low growth rates. In a glucose limited chemostat culture butyrate production was partly growth associated while acetate and lactate production was growth associated. Lactate was, however, only produced at high dilution rates. By varying the glucose concentration in the inflowing medium it was shown that lactate production was stimulated by a high feeding rate of the carbon source. These results are discussed in view of the fructose-1,6-diphosphate dependent lactate dehydrogenase activity in many other organisms.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00261911
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Significance of an extracellular polymer for the energy metabolism in Clostridium acetobutylicum: A hypothesis (1986)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 23 (1986), S. 234-239 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary An extracellular polymeric substance was produced by Clostridium acetobutylicum during the growth and acid production phase, and also when butanol was produced simultaneously from glucose and reassimilated butyric acid. When butanol and butyric acid were produced at the same time, reutilization of previously produced polymer occurred. These phenomena were revealed by investigating material balances during different phases of batch cultures. The same scheme of polymer production and uptake could also be identified in batch cultures published in the literature. Resting cells produced a polymer, likely a polysaccharide, with a significantly high degree of acetylation when butanol was formed from glucose and reassimilated butyric acid. It is suggested that the acetylated polymer is produced when the organism requires extensive amounts of reducing power and the conditions for production of non-reduced end products are not favourable. The polymer (of unknown composition) produced during the growth phase has no obvious relation to the energy metabolism, but it is suggested that previously produced polymer can be used as a reserve carbon source when sugar is needed at high rate. In batch culture, where the pH was controlled at 6.0 the simultaneous production of acids and butanol was also observed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00261921
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    On the dissociation constant of ammonium: effects of using an incorrect pK a in calculations of the ammonia concentration in animal cell cultures (1997)
    Springer
    Biotechnology techniques 11 (1997), S. 549-551 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-6784
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Abstract The dissociation constant of NH 4 + , pK a NH 4 + , was used to calculate the ammonia concentration in cell cultures. pK a NH 4 + is 8.95 at 35°C. As an incorrect pK a (e.g. 9.27-9.3 at 37°C) is often used, this results in errors. The probable origin for this appears to be a combination of pK w at 24°C and pK b at 35°C. At 35°C and any pH, the ammonia concen-tration calculated from pK a = 8.95 is twice the ammonia concentration calculated from pK a = 9.27, but the differences in ammonium concentration are negligible.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1018482520832
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Glutamine is not an essential amino acid for Sf-9 insect cells (1996)
    Springer
    Biotechnology letters 18 (1996), S. 765-770 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-6776
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Spodoptera frugiperda (Sf-9) insect cells are fully capable of growth and proliferation in a glutamine, glutamate and aspartate-free medium, provided that ammonium ions are supplied. S. frugiperda (Sf-21) and Mamestra brassicae cells (IZD-MB-0503) also grow in glutamine-free media but not Trichoplusia ni cells (BTI-TN 5B1-4). The yield of β-galactosidase in Sf-9 cells infected with a recombinant baculovirus under glutamine-free conditions was even higher than the yield obtained in glutamine containing cultures.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00127885
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Calcium alginate immobilized cells of clostridium acetobutylicum for solvent production (1980)
    Springer
    Biotechnology letters 2 (1980), S. 241-246 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-6776
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Conclusions Immobilized vegetative cells ofC. acetobutylicum has a similar product formation pattern when incubated in a simple glucose-salts solution as ordinary growing cells. If vegetative cells of the organism are immobilized in the solvent production phase, solvents are continuously produced on extended incubation. By immobi1izing spores of the organism the disturbance of the cells metabolic activity during the immobilization procedure was avoided. After the outgrowth of viable cells within the gel, the washed gel preparation retained at a high production capacity in the non-growth stage and the results indicate that continuous production might be fully possible. The butanol productivity was also found to be higher with immobilized cells than in a normal batch process.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01209440
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