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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Inter-individual differences in the passive resistance of the human knee
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Human Movement Science 4 (1985), S. 167-188 
    Details
    ISSN: 0167-9457
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Medicine , Sports Science
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0167-9457(85)90001-6
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Reaction time latencies of eye and hand movements in single- and dual-task conditions (1994)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 97 (1994), S. 471-476 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Eye-hand coordination ; Reaction times ; Motor control ; Dual-task methodology ; Human
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The goal of this study was to investigate whether ocular and hand motor systems operate independently or whether they share processes. Using dualtask methodology, reaction time (RT) latencies of saccadic eye and hand motor responses were measured. In experiment 1, the hand and eye motor systems produced rapid, aimed pointing movements to a visual target, which could occur either to the left or right of a central fixation point. Results showed that RT latencies of the eye response were slower in the dual-task condition than in the single-task condition, whereas the RT latencies of the hand response were virtually the same in both conditions. This interference effect indicated that the ocular and manual motor systems are not operating independently when initiating saccadic eye and goal-directed hand movements. Experiment 2 employed the same experimental paradigm as experiment 1, except for one important modification. Instead of a goal-directed hand movement to the target stimulus, subjects had to make a button-press response with either the index or middle finger of the right hand dependent upon whether the stimulus occurred to the right or left of the control fixation point. The aim of experiment 2 was to investigate the issue whether the observed interference effect in experiment 1 was specific or non-specific (e.g. overhead costs due to coordinating any two responses). The finding that saccadic eye movements and button-press responses in the dual-task condition could be initiated without delay relative to the single-task conditions, supports the specific interference interpretation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00241541
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Mechanical properties of passive rat muscle during sinusoidal stretching (1987)
    Springer
    Pflügers Archiv 409 (1987), S. 438-447 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Keywords: Hysteresis diagrams ; Muscle dimensions ; Passive force ; Sinusoidal stretching
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The dynamic passive response of the left gastrocnemius medialis muscle of thirty male Wistar rats was studied as a function of muscle dimensions and absolute and relative amount of connective tissue. Values of the absolute active and passive length-force curves (active force, passive force, active working range) correlated well (coefficients of correlation in a range of 0.62–0.92) with morphological variables (such as muscle optimum length, mean muscle fibre optimum length, physiological cross section, muscle weight and amount of intramuscular connective tissue). To eliminate dimensional effects the active and passive length-force curves were normalized taking maximal active twitch force and muscle optimum length as reference values (100%). The width of the normalized active length-force curve (relative active working range) was correlated negatively with muscle weight, muscle optimum length and physiological cross section. Relative amount of connective tissue and passive tension at optimum length (both independent of muscle dimensions) were positively correlated, indicating that passive muscles are stiffer when relative amount of intramuscular connective tissue is higher. Sinusoidal movements with several amplitudes and frequencies of movement were imposed on the passive gastrocnemius medialis muscle over a range of muscle lengths. In accordance with the approximately exponential increase of static passive muscle force with length, muscle length has a large influence on the shape and magnitude of the hysteresis diagrams resulting from sinusoidal movements: the value of all variables selected increases approximately exponentially with muscle length with the exception of the value of loss tangent, a factor indicating the amount of energy dissipated during each cycle relative to the amount of energy stored and released elastically. Velocity of movement has only minor influence on variables of the hysteresis diagrams as is shown by changing the frequency of movement. As loss tangent and relative amount of connective tissue did not vary with muscle dimensions in the muscles studied, it is likely that material properties of the components causing passive resistance were similar in these muscles.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00583799
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A FINITE ELEMENT MIXTURE MODEL FOR HIERARCHICAL POROUS MEDIA (1997)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 40 (1997), S. 193-210 
    Details
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: finite deformation ; mixture theory ; blood-perfusion ; muscle ; contraction ; Engineering ; Numerical Methods and Modeling
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A finite element description of fluid flow through a deforming porous solid, with a hierarchical structure of pores, has been developed and implemented in the finite element software package DIANA. Several standard element types can be used for 2-D, axisymmetric and 3-D finite deformation analysis. The hierarchy is dealt with as an extra dimension, quantified by a parameter x0. Both spatial and hierarchical fluid flow is described by a Darcy equation. Fluid pressure and hydrostatic solid pressure are related via an elastic fluid-solid interface. The state of the fluid, the Darcy permeability tensor and the elastic interface depend on both spatial position and hierarchical level. Discretization and integration of fluid related quantities are split into a spatial and a hierarchical part. The degrees of freedom of the finite element model are the displacements of the solid, the hydrostatic pressure and a number of fluid pressures on different hierarchical levels.Blood-perfused biological tissue can be regarded as a hierarchical porous solid, where the fluid represents the blood and the hierarchy corresponds to the tree-like vascular structure. As an example, a simulation of a contracting, blood-perfused skeletal muscle is presented. © 1997 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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