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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 10 (1987), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: In recent years considerable progress has been made in research work addressing the behaviour of defects at elevated temperature. Developments have been made both in structural assessment techniques and in methods for analysing representative materials data. On the basis of these developments a procedure has been produced within the CEGB for the assessment of defects in plant operating in the creep range under loadings for which creep rather than creep-fatigue is the dominant failure mechanism. This paper describes the CEGB procedure. Calculations are required for three events: the time for overall structural failure by continuum damage mechanisms; the time for incubation prior to crack extension; and the time for subsequent growth to a maximum tolerable defect size. Methods are presented for calculating these times and for obtaining the materials data required to perform the calculations.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Scopolamine ; Lorazepam ; Memory impairment ; Ro 15-1788 ; Physostigmine
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The muscarinic antagonist scopolamine and the benzodiazepine lorazepam both produce transient impairments in memory and attention in normal volunteers. These impairments can be reversed by appropriate agents such as the cholinesterase inhibitor physostigmine in the case of scopolamine or the benzodiazepine antagonist Ro 15-1788 in the case of lorazepam. In this paper we investigated the pharmacological specificity of these reversals by examining the interactions of scopolamine and Ro 15-1788 and of lorazepam and physostigmine. There was no evidence that the effects of scopolamine and lorazepam on cognitive function could be attenuated, by Ro 15-1788 and physostigmine, respectively. The results are discussed in terms of pharmacological models of Alzheimer's disease.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    International journal of fracture 17 (1981), S. 61-81 
    ISSN: 1573-2673
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé En se basant sur l'intégrale J, on propose une explication théoríque au phénomène de précontrainte à chaud. Par rapport à la définition usuellement appliquée pour l'intégrale J dans les calculs par éléments finis, où l'on recourt aux déformations et distorsions totales, on ne considère ici que les déformations et les distorsions élastiques sous l'intégrale. La signification physique de cette définition de J telle qu'utilisée ici est qu'elle représente l'effort dans des singularités (par exemple, dislocations) situées dans le contour d'intégration. Dès lors, elle est dépendante du chemin parcouru lorsque ce contour traverse la zône de déformation plastique. Après déformation plastique à chaud, certaines régions contiennent des déformations plastiques résiduelles où les dislocations sont immobiles en raison du changement de limite d'étirage qui résulte de l'abaissement de la température dans la structure fissurée. Une nouvelle zône plastique où les dislocations sont mobiles se forme lorsqu'on remet en charge à basse température. On suppose que la rupture se produit lorsque l'effort sur ces dislocations mobiles atteint une valeur critique J Ic. Dès lors, le contour utilisé pour évaluer J doit être choisi de manière à n'inclure que cette région de déformation plastique. Les concepts et la théorie cités sont vérifiés expérimentalement en procédant à une analyse de données de rupture de panneaux fissurés en leur centre et soumis à une gamme de sollicitations par préchauffage avant d'être rompus à la température de l'azote liquide. Des résultats convaincants ont également été obtenus en analysant d'autres données expérimentales de précontrainte par réchauffement publiées dans la littérature. On montre que la définition de J par éléments finis ne peut expliquer ces résultats. On conclut que la définition de J utilisée ici permet d'étendre les possibilités d'appliquer J à l'étude de cas comportant des séquences de mise en charge complexes, qui peuvent inclure une phase de déchargement avant la rupture ainsi que des changements de la limite d'étirage associés à la température ou à des effects d'irradiation.
    Notes: Abstract A theoretical explanation of warm prestressing (WPS) is proposed based on the J-integral. This is defined so that only elastic strains and distortions are included in the integrand compared with the definition of J common in finite element computation where total strains and distortions are used. The physical meaning of J as used here is that it represents the force on singularities (e.g., dislocations) enclosed by the contour of integration. Therefore, it is path dependent if the contour cuts through the plastic zone. After WPS there are regions of residual plastic strain, where dislocations are immobile, due to the change in yield stress resulting from the lowering in temperature of the cracked structure. A new plastic zone, where dislocations are mobile, forms on reloading at low temperature. It is postulated that failure occurs when the force on these mobile dislocations attains a critical value, J 1c. Hence the contour used to evaluate J should be chosen to include only this plastic region. The concepts and theory are experimentally validated by successfully analysis fracture data from centre cracked panels which were subjected to a range of WPS loads before being fractured at liquid nitrogen temperatures. Similar successes were also obtained on analysing other published experimental WPS data. It is shown that the finite element definition of J cannot explain these results. It is concluded that the definition of J used here extends the applicability of J to cases involving complicated loading histories which may include unloading prior to failure as well as changes in yield stress due to temperature or irradiation effects.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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