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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Characterization of coal by laser pyrolysis gas chromatography (1977)
    s.l. : American Chemical Society
    Analytical chemistry 49 (1977), S. 390-395 
    Details
    ISSN: 1520-6882
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ac50011a016
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Glucose, insulin concentrations and obesity in childhood and adolescence as predictors of NIDDM (1994)
    Springer
    Diabetologia 37 (1994), S. 617-623 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Key words Diabetes mellitus, risk factors, glucose, insulin, childhood
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Metabolic abnormalities antedate the development of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) by some years. How these metabolic abnormalities relate to the genetic component of the disease and to the subsequent prediction of diabetes is unknown. The present study was designed to examine the association of parental diabetes with relative weight, fasting and 2-h plasma glucose and fasting and 2-h serum insulin in childhood, and to identify which of these variables were most predictive of subsequent NIDDM. Subjects comprised 1258 Pima Indians aged 5–19 years with normal glucose tolerance participating in a longitudinal population-based study. Age-sex-adjusted values of relative weight, fasting and 2-h glucose and fasting and 2-h insulin were positively associated with parental diabetes. Only one of 138 subjects with two non-diabetic parents developed diabetes. Among 1120 subjects with at least one diabetic parent, 101 (9.0 %) developed diabetes during a mean follow up of 8.4 years. Fasting insulin was a significant predictor of diabetes, but did not add to the predictive value of relative weight. Relative weight and 2-h and fasting plasma glucose were the variables most predictive of NIDDM in childhood and adolescence. Against a background of parental diabetes, high fasting insulin concentrations predict diabetes, compatible with the hypothesis that insulin resistance is an early metabolic abnormality leading to NIDDM. In this study, however, its predictive power did not add significantly to that of relative weight, with which it was correlated. Both relative weight and 2-h plasma glucose in youth in those with diabetic parents are highly predictive of subsequent diabetes, and these may be the best measures currently available for identifying high-risk subjects in whom preventive measures might be targeted. [Diabetologia (1994) 37: 617–623]
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00403382
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Increasing prevalence of Type II diabetes in American Indian children (1998)
    Springer
    Diabetologia 41 (1998), S. 904-910 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Keywords Prevalence ; epidemic ; children ; Type II diabetes ; obesity ; diabetic pregnancy.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Until recently, Type II diabetes was considered rare in children. The disease is, however, increasing among children in populations with high rates of Type II diabetes in adults. The prevalence of Type II diabetes was determined in 5274 Pima Indian children between 1967 and 1996 in three 10-year time periods, for age groups 5–9, 10–14 and 15–19 years. Diabetes was diagnosed using World Health Organisation criteria, based on an oral glucose tolerance test. The prevalence of diabetes increased over time in children aged 10 years and over: in boys from 0 % in 1967–1976 to 1.4 % in 1987–1996 in the 10–14 year old age group, and from 2.43 % to 3.78 % for age group 15–19 and in girls from 0.72 % in 1967–1976 to 2.88 % in 1987–1996 in the 10–14 year old age group, and from 2.73 % to 5.31 % for age group 15–19 years. Along with the increase in the prevalence of Type II diabetes (p 〈 0.0001), there was an increase in weight (calculated as percentage of relative weight, p 〈 0.0001), and in frequency of exposure to diabetes in utero (p 〈 0.0001). The increasing weight and increasing frequency of exposure to diabetes in utero accounted for most of the increase in diabetes prevalence in Pima Indian children over the past 30 years. Type II diabetes is now a common disease in American Indian children aged 10 or more years and has increased dramatically over time, along with increasing weight. A vicious cycle related to an increase in the frequency of exposure to diabetes in utero appears to be an important feature of this epidemic. [Diabetologia (1998) 41: 904–910]
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001250051006
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Determinants of end-stage renal disease in Pima Indians with Type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus and proteinuria (1993)
    Springer
    Diabetologia 36 (1993), S. 1087-1093 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Diabetic nephropathy ; proteinuria ; end-stage renal disease ; Type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus ; blood pressure ; Pima Indians
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary To identify factors related to the development of end-stage renal disease after the onset of proteinuria, its incidence was determined in 364 Pima Indians aged 35 years or older with Type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus and proteinuria (protein-to-creatinine ratio ≥0.5 g/g). Of these 364 subjects, 95 (36 men, 59 women) developed end-stage renal disease. The cumulative incidence was 40% 10 years after and 61% 15 years after the onset of proteinuria. The incidence of end-stage renal disease was significantly related to the duration of diabetes, the duration of proteinuria, higher 2-h plasma glucose concentration, type of diabetes treatment, and the presence of retinopathy at the time of recognition of the proteinuria, but not to age, sex, or blood pressure. Duration of proteinuria influenced the risk of end-stage renal disease, contingent, however, upon the duration of diabetes at the onset of proteinuria. The higher cumulative incidence of end-stage renal disease 15 years after the onset of proteinuria in Pima Indians (61 %) than in Caucasians from Rochester, Minnesota (17%) may be attributable, in part, to the younger age of onset of Type 2 diabetes in Pima Indians than in Caucasians, to ethnic differences in susceptibility to renal disease, or to lower death rates among the Pima Indians from competing causes of death, such as coronary heart disease.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02374503
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Glucose, insulin concentrations and obesity in childhood and adolescence as predictors of NIDDM (1994)
    Springer
    Diabetologia 37 (1994), S. 617-623 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Diabetes mellitus ; risk factors ; glucose ; insulin ; childhood
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Metabolic abnormalities antedate the development of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) by some years. How these metabolic abnormalities relate to the genetic component of the disease and to the subsequent prediction of diabetes is unknown. The present study was designed to examine the association of parental diabetes with relative weight, fasting and 2-h plasma glucose and fasting and 2-h serum insulin in childhood, and to identify which of these variables were most predictive of subsequent NIDDM. Subjects comprised 1258 Pima Indians aged 5–19 years with normal glucose tolerance participating in a longitudinal population-based study. Age-sex-adjusted values of relative weight, fasting and 2-h glucose and fasting and 2-h insulin were positively associated with parental diabetes. Only one of 138 subjects with two non-diabetic parents developed diabetes. Among 1120 subjects with at least one diabetic parent, 101 (9.0%) developed diabetes during amean follow up of 8.4 years. Fastinginsulin was a significant predictor of diabetes, but did not add to the predictive value of relative weight. Relative weight and 2-h and fasting plasma glucose were the variables most predictive of NIDDM in childhood and adolescence. Against a background of parental diabetes, high fasting insulin concentrations predict diabetes, compatible with the hypothesis that insulin resistance is an early metabolic abnormality leading to NIDDM. In this study, however, its predictive power did not add significantly to that of relative weight, with which it was correlated. Both relative weight and 2-h plasma glucose in youth in those with diabetic parents are highly predictive of subsequent diabetes, and these may be the best measures currently available for identifying high-risk subjects in whom preventive measures might be targeted.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00403382
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Early and late insulin response as predictors of NIDDM in Pima Indians with impaired glucose tolerance (1995)
    Springer
    Diabetologia 38 (1995), S. 187-192 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Key words Impaired glucose tolerance ; insulin response ; cholesterol.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Risk factors predicting deterioration to diabetes mellitus were examined in 181 subjects with impaired glucose tolerance. Fifty-seven subjects had impaired glucose tolerance on one occasion followed by normal glucose tolerance at a repeat oral glucose tolerance test, and 124 subjects had impaired glucose tolerance on two successive oral glucose tolerance tests. Subjects were followed for a median period of 5.0 years (range 1.0–17.2). The age- and sex-adjusted cumulative incidence of diabetes at 10 years of follow-up was higher in subjects who had impaired glucose tolerance on both tests (70 %) than in those whose glucose tolerance was normal at the repeat test (53 %), [rate ratio (RR) = 1.6, 95 % confidence intervals (CI) = 1.0–2.5]. Proportional hazards analyses were used to identify baseline risk factors (measured at the repeat oral glucose tolerance test) for subsequent diabetes, and incidence rate ratios were calculated for the 90th percentile compared with the 10th percentile of each continuous variable for the whole group. In all subjects, in separate models, higher body mass index [RR = 2.0, 95 % CI = 2.2–9.9], high fasting serum insulin concentrations [RR = 2.4, 95 % CI = 1.4–4.2], and low early insulin response [RR = 0.5, 95 % CI = 0.3–0.8] 30 min after a glucose load were significant predictors for deterioration to diabetes. In a multivariate analysis which controlled for age and sex, 120-min post-load glucose, fasting insulin and late insulin response predicted diabetes. In subgroup analyses the predictors of diabetes were generally similar in subjects who had impaired glucose tolerance at only one test and those who had impaired glucose tolerance on both tests. These findings suggest that in those subjects with impaired glucose tolerance whose glucose tolerance has returned to normal, the risk of subsequent diabetes is high. Insulin resistance, impaired early insulin response, or both, are predictive of subsequent development of diabetes in Pima Indians with impaired glucose tolerance. [Diabetologia (1995) 38: 187–192]
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00400093
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Early and late insulin response as predictors of NIDDM in Pima Indians with impaired glucose tolerance (1995)
    Springer
    Diabetologia 38 (1995), S. 187-192 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Impaired glucose tolerance ; insulin response ; cholesterol
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Risk factors predicting deterioration to diabetes mellitus were examined in 181 subjects with impaired glucose tolerance. Fifty-seven subjects had impaired glucose tolerance on one occasion followed by normal glucose tolerance at a repeat oral glucose tolerance test, and 124 subjects had impaired glucose tolerance on two successive oral glucose tolerance tests. Subjects were followed for a median period of 5.0 years (range 1.0–17.2). The age- and sex-adjusted cumulative incidence of diabetes at 10 years of follow-up was higher in subjects who had impaired glucose tolerance on both tests (70%) than in those whose glucose tolerance was normal at the repeat test (53%), [rate ratio (RR)=1.6, 95% confidence intervals (CI)=1.0–2.5]. Proportional hazards analyses were used to identify baseline risk factors (measured at the repeat oral glucose tolerance test) for subsequent diabetes, and incidence rate ratios were calculated for the 90th percentile compared with the 10th percentile of each continuous variable for the whole group. In all subjects, in separate models, higher body mass index [RR=2.0, 95% CI=2.2–9.9], high fasting serum insulin concentrations [RR=2.4, 95% CI=1.4–4.2], and low early insulin response [RR=0.5, 95% CI=0.3–0.8] 30 min after a glucose load were significant predictors for deterioration to diabetes. In a multivariate analysis which controlled for age and sex, 120-min post-load glucose, fasting insulin and late insulin response predicted diabetes. In subgroup analyses the predictors of diabetes were generally similar in subjects who had impaired glucose tolerance at only one test and those who had impaired glucose tolerance on both tests. These findings suggest that in those subjects with impaired glucose tolerance whose glucose tolerance has returned to normal, the risk of subsequent diabetes is high. Insulin resistance, impaired early insulin response, or both, are predictive of subsequent development of diabetes in Pima Indians with impaired glucose tolerance.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00400093
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Incidence of diabetes mellitus in women following impaired glucose tolerance in pregnancy is lower than following impaired glucose tolerance in the non-pregnant state (1996)
    Springer
    Diabetologia 39 (1996), S. 1334-1337 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Keywords Diabetes mellitus incidence ; impaired glucose tolerance ; pregnancy.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Impaired glucose tolerance (IGT), which is asymptomatic and requires a glucose tolerance test for detection, is a well-known risk factor for diabetes mellitus. Outside the research setting it is rarely identified in people who lack specific risk factors for diabetes except during pregnancy, at which time screening with an oral glucose challenge is a routine procedure. A 75-g oral glucose tolerance test was performed during the latter part of pregnancy or during a routine epidemiology survey in 15–39-year-old Pima Indian women with no history of abnormal glucose tolerance. Those with IGT by World Health Organization criteria were included in this study. Diabetes incidence in women was compared between those whose IGT was first detected during pregnancy and those who were not pregnant when IGT was first recognized. Seventeen of 73 pregnant women and 114 of 244 non-pregnant women developed diabetes within 10 years. When controlled for plasma glucose concentration, age, body mass index, parity and duration of follow-up, those who were not pregnant were at higher risk of developing diabetes than those who were pregnant (hazard rate ratio = 1.71, 95 % confidence interval = 1.01–2.91). Previous studies had reported that women with IGT during pregnancy are at higher risk of diabetes than women with normal glucose tolerance. This study suggests that women with IGT during pregnancy are at lower risk than non-pregnant women with a similar plasma glucose concentration who, in the clinical setting, are likely to remain unrecognized. [Diabetologia (1996) 39: 1334–1337]
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001250050579
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Parental hypertension and proteinuria in Pima Indians with NIDDM (1996)
    Springer
    Diabetologia 39 (1996), S. 433-438 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Diabetic nephropathy ; hypertension ; familial predisposition ; non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus ; Pima Indians
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary To determine if parental hypertension is associated with proteinuria in offspring with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM), 438 diabetic Pima Indians (172 men, 266 women) aged 20 years or more and both of their parents were examined. Hypertension was defined as a systolic blood pressure 140 mm Hg or more, diastolic blood pressure 90 mm Hg or more, or treatment with antihypertensive medicine. Sixty-three percent of the fathers and 80% of the mothers had diabetes at the time their blood pressure was measured. Families in which either parent had proteinuria, defined as a urine protein-to-creatinine ratio ≥ 0.5 g/g were excluded; 73 (16.7%) of the offspring had proteinuria. The prevalence rates of proteinuria in the offspring were similar if neither parent or only one parent had hypertension (8.9 and 9.4%, respectively), but was significantly higher if both parents had hypertension (18.8%), after adjustment for age, sex, duration of diabetes, and 2-h post-load plasma glucose concentration in the offspring and diabetes in the parents by logistic regression. The odds for proteinuria being present in the offspring if both parents had hypertension was 2.2 times (95% confidence interval, 1.2 to 4.2) that if only one parent had hypertension. When mean arterial pressure and blood pressure treatment in the offspring were added to the model the relationship remained (odds ratio =2.2; 95% confidence interval, 1.1 to 4.3). Hypertension in both parents is associated with the development of proteinuria in offspring with NIDDM. This relationship was present even when controlled for the effects of blood pressure and its treatment in the offspring.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00400674
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Parental hypertension and proteinuria in Pima Indians with NIDDM (1996)
    Springer
    Diabetologia 39 (1996), S. 433-438 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Keywords Diabetic nephropathy ; hypertension ; familial predisposition ; non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus ; Pima Indians.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary To determine if parental hypertension is associated with proteinuria in offspring with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM), 438 diabetic Pima Indians (172 men, 266 women) aged 20 years or more and both of their parents were examined. Hypertension was defined as a systolic blood pressure 140 mm Hg or more, diastolic blood pressure 90 mm Hg or more, or treatment with antihypertensive medicine. Sixty-three percent of the fathers and 80 % of the mothers had diabetes at the time their blood pressure was measured. Families in which either parent had proteinuria, defined as a urine protein-to-creatinine ratio ≥ 0.5 g/g were excluded; 73 (16.7 %) of the offspring had proteinuria. The prevalence rates of proteinuria in the offspring were similar if neither parent or only one parent had hypertension (8.9 and 9.4 %, respectively), but was significantly higher if both parents had hypertension (18.8 %), after adjustment for age, sex, duration of diabetes, and 2-h post-load plasma glucose concentration in the offspring and diabetes in the parents by logistic regression. The odds for proteinuria being present in the offspring if both parents had hypertension was 2.2 times (95 % confidence interval, 1.2 to 4.2) that if only one parent had hypertension. When mean arterial pressure and blood pressure treatment in the offspring were added to the model the relationship remained (odds ratio = 2.2; 95 % confidence interval, 1.1 to 4.3). Hypertension in both parents is associated with the development of proteinuria in offspring with NIDDM. This relationship was present even when controlled for the effects of blood pressure and its treatment in the offspring. [Diabetologia (1996) 39: 433–438]
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00400674
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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