Bibliothek

Notizen: We investigate ultrafast multi-state nuclear dynamics in a triatomic cluster. In particular, we explore how the intracluster nuclear dynamics of the Ag3−/Ag3/Ag3+ system is reflected in the femtosecond pump-probe negative ion-to neutral-to positive ion (NENEPO) signals. The nuclear dynamics is based on classical trajectories on the ground electronic adiabatic state potential hypersurfaces obtained from accurate ab initio quantum chemistry calculations. The nuclear dynamics of Ag3 initiated from the linear transition state involves distinct sequential processes of configurational relaxation to the triangular configuration, intracluster collisions, and the onset of IVR, resonant, and dissipative IVR, and vibrational equilibration. We determined the timescales for these processes and discussed their dependence on the initial cluster temperature. The Wigner representation of the density matrix was utilized to simulate the NENEPO-zero kinetic energy (NENEPO-ZEKE) signal and the total (integrated over the photoelectron energy) NENEPO signal. We show how geometrical change, completion of IVR and vibrational coherence effects can be identified in the NENEPO signals. A comparison of the calculated NENEPO signals with the available experimental data is presented. © 1998 American Institute of Physics.

Notizen: We investigate the ultrafast multistate nuclear dynamics involving adiabatic electronic excited states of nonstoichiometric halide deficient clusters (NanFn−1) characterized by strong ionic bonding and one excess electron, which is localized either in the halide vacancy or on the alkali atom attached to the ionic subunit depending on the cluster size. For this purpose we developed an ab initio adiabatic nuclear dynamics approach in electronic excited and ground states "on the fly" at low computational demand by introducing the "frozen ionic bonds" approximation, which yields an accurate description of excited states considering the excitation of the one excess electron in the effective field of the other n−1 valence electrons involved in the ionic bonding. We combined this multistate dynamics approach with the Wigner–Moyal representation of the vibronic density matrix forming the ab initio Wigner distribution approach to adiabatic dynamics. This method allows the simulation of femtosecond NeExPo-pump–probe and NeExNe-pump–dump signals based on an analytic formulation which utilizes temperature-dependent ground-state initial conditions (Ne), an ensemble of trajectories carried out on the electronic excited state (Ex) for the investigation of the dynamics of the system, and either the cationic (Po) or the ground state (Ne) for the probing step. The choice of the systems has been made in order to determine the time scales of processes involving (i) metallic bond breaking such as during the dynamics in the first excited state of Na2F, and (ii) fast geometric relaxation leaving the bonding frame intact as during the dynamics in the first excited state of Na4F3. The bond-breaking process via a conical intersection involving nonadiabatic dynamics will be presented in the accompanying paper [Hartmann et al., J. Chem. Phys. 114, 2123 (2001)]. The dynamics in the first excited state of Na2F from triangular-to linear-to triangular structure gives rise to fast geometric relaxation due to Na–Na bond breaking at the time scale of ∼90 fs but no signature of internal vibrational energy redistribution (IVR) is present in NeExNe-pump–dump signals since the broken metallic bond prevents the coupling between stretching and bending modes. Instead, anharmonicities of the bending periodic motion have been identified. In contrast, in the case of Na4F3, which is the smallest finite system for a surface F-center prototype of bulk color centers, after the geometric relaxation in the excited state of ∼100 fs leading to the deformed cuboidal type of structure without breaking of bonds, different types of IVR have been identified in NeExNe signals by tuning the dump laser: one-mode selective energy leaving IVR, resonant, and restricted energy arriving IVR corresponding to the selection of different parts of the phase space. Dissipative IVR could not be identified in NeExNe signals of Na4F3 at low initial temperature on the time scale up to 2 ps in spite of 15 degrees of freedom. Due to similar structural and electronic properties such as F centers in bulk, these findings can serve as guidance for establishing the time scales for geometric relaxation and IVR in excited states of larger systems. © 2001 American Institute of Physics.

Notizen: We present a theoretical study of a femtosecond photo isomerization process due to a nonadiabatic radiationless decay from the first excited state through a conical intersection occurring in one of the nonstoichiometric halide-deficient clusters with one excess electron (Na3F2). This is an extension of the adiabatic dynamics study presented in the accompanying paper [J. Chem. Phys. 114, 2106 (2001)] for other members of the NanFn−1 series characterized by a strong ionic bonding for which the "frozen ionic bonds" approximation has been justified, allowing consideration of the optical response of the single excess electron in the effective field of the other electrons. In this contribution we outline the extension of the ab initio Wigner-distribution approach to nonadiabatic molecular dynamics which combines the Wigner–Moyal representation of the vibronic density matrix with the ab initio multistate molecular dynamics in the ground- and excited electronic states including the nonadiabatic coupling computed "on the fly" in connection with the fewest-switches hopping algorithm. This scheme allows accounting for temperature-dependent initial conditions, for the propagation in the excited state and in the ground state after the passage through the conical intersection, and for probing in the cationic ground state as well as for deriving analytic expressions for the pump–probe signals which utilize an ensemble of classical trajectories obtained at low computational demand. Our approach permits investigation of the photo isomerization through the conical intersection due to the long amplitude motion in the Na3F2 system in full complexity, taking into account all degrees of freedom. After breaking of one metallic and of one ionic bond the conical intersection occurs at the linear geometry and involves states of different symmetry which differ in the translocation of the one excess electron or positive charge localized at the Na atom from one end to the other of the system and separates two isomers with Cs and C2v structures. From the analysis of the nonadiabatic dynamics, the time scales for the metallic bond breaking of ∼90 fs and for the ionic bond breaking of ∼220 fs, for the passage through the conical intersection after ∼0.4 ps and for the internal vibrational energy redistribution (IVR) of more than 0.9 ps for the individual isomers, have been determined. The simulated fs pump–probe signals confirm the above results and provide the information about the experimental conditions such as laser frequencies and pulse duration under which bond breaking of different type as well as the population of each of the two isomers after the passage through the conical intersection can be identified. In this contribution we show that the mechanism of the photo isomerization at a conical intersection due to a long amplitude motion can occur in atomic clusters and is not necessarily limited to organic photochemistry. © 2001 American Institute of Physics.

Notizen: Background Maggot therapy (biosurgery) has received increasing interest for the debridement of chronic wounds and for the improvement of wound healing. The purpose of this study was to investigate the clinical effects, side-effects, and possible mechanisms of action of biosurgery.Methods Biosurgery was used for debridement in 30 patients with chronic leg ulcers of mixed origin. The effect of a single application of maggots for 1–4 days was evaluated by a clinical wound score and contact-free spectroscopy. Side-effects were recorded.Results Debridement was rapid and selective. The wound secretion was temporarily increased. We observed a significant improvement of the wound score with a decrease from 13.5 ± 1.8 to 6.3 ± 2.7 (P 〈 0.001). The treatment was well tolerated in most patients. Twelve out of 30 patients reported temporary pain, but only two needed analgesic treatment. Other side-effects included venous bleeding in one patient. The remittance spectra showed an improvement of tissue oxygenation as revealed by the characteristic oxygen doublet peak (548 and 575 nm).Conclusions Biosurgery is an effective and rapid treatment for the debridement of chronic wounds and the improvement of wound healing. A possible mode of action is the increase in tissue oxygenation. More studies are needed.

Notizen: Change and Adaptation of Lawyers' Work: Evolving Theories

Notizen: Zusammenfassung Zur Voruntersuchung der Photostabilität des Fungicides Penconazol (1-(2,4-Dichlor-β-propylphenethyl)-1H-1, 2,4-triazol,1) wurden Modellexperimente in organischen Lösungsmitteln durchgeführt. Der Photoabbau (λ〉280 nm) nimmt von Cyclohexen zu Cyclohexan und Isopropanol hin deutlich zu. Bei Bestrahlung in Isopropanol oder Cyclohexan entstehen als Hauptprodukte (1-(4-Chlor-β-propylphenethyl)-1H-1, 2,4-triazol (2) und 5H,6H-(1,2,4-Triazolo)-[5,1,-a]-9-chlor-6-propyl-isochinolin (3). Photodehalogenierung von 3 führt in geringem Umfang zu 5H,6H-(1,2,4-Triazo-lo)-[5, 1-a]-6-propyl-isochinolin(4) und in Gegenwart von Isopropanol zu 5H,6H-(1,2,4-Triazolo)-[5,1-a]-9-(2-hydroxy-2-methylethyl)-6-propyl-isochinolin (5) als Photoadditionsprodukt. Daneben entsteht in hohem Ausmaß eine komplexe Fraktion polarer Komponenten, die einer Einzelisolierung und -charakterisierung nicht mehr zugänglich waren. In Cyclohexen hingegen erfolgte neben Photodehalogenierung zu2 hauptsächlich Photolyse zu polaren Komponenten, während Photoprodukt3 nur in Spuren entstand.

Notizen: Abstract The synthesis of the sodium 5-acetamido-2,3,5-trideoxy-2,3 didehydro-D-galacto-2,8-nondiulopyranosidonate 8,8-dimethyl acetal (8) and of the methyl-5-acetamido-3,5-dideoxy-α-D-galacto-2,8-nondiulopyranosidonate 8,8 dimethyl acetal (11) as well as of the methyl-5-acetamido-3,5-dideoxy-α-D-galacto-2,8-nondiulopyranosidonic acid (12) is reported involving the easily accessible 8-oxoderivative5. Compounds11 and12, respectively, showed to have glycosidic bond with remarkable stability to acidic conditions.

Notizen: Summary Readily available Neu5Ac derivatives1 and7 are oxidized by RuO4 to the ketones2 and8 which are reduced diastereoselectively by the borane-ammonia complex to yield the4- and 8-epimers4a and10. Subsequent deprotection leads to the title compounds5 and12. This few step procedure is also applicable on gram scale.

Notizen: Summary While the reaction of the 4-oxo-Neu 5 Ac derivative2 a with tributoxy methyl zirconate led exclusively to equatorial 4-C-methyl derivative3 a, the analogous reaction with tetramethyl zirconate yielded a 3:2 mixture of both diastereoisomeres3 a and4 a. After removal of protecting groups the 5-acetamido-3,4-dideoxy-4-C-methyl-D-glycero-D-galacto-2-nonulosonic acid5 a and 5-acetamido-3,4-dideoxy-4-C-methyl-D-glycero-D-talo-2-nonulosonic acid6 a were obtained. The 4-C-methylene derivative was prepared by treatment of the same 4-oxo-derivative with CH2I2/Zn/Cp 2ZrCl2. Subsequent hydrogenation led to both epimeric 4-deoxy-4-C-methyl derivatives8 a and9 a. Final removal of protecting groups gave the 5-acetamido-3,4,5-trideoxy-4-C-methyl-D-glycero-D-galacto-2-nonulosonic acid10 a respectively the 5-acetamido-2,7-anhydro-4-C-methyl-3,4,5-trideoxy-D-glycero-D-talo-2-nonulosonic acid11 a. The β-methylketosides of the 4-deoxy-4-C-methyl- (16) and 4-C-methylene-Neu 5 Ac (15) were prepared via the peracetylated derivatives to obtain modell substrates for enzymatic studies. Thus all free acids were tested for inhibition of CMP-sialate synthease. Only the 4-C-methylene compound15 showed most unexpectedly a strong competitive inhibition of this enzyme.