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  • 1
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] During vertebrate embryogenesis, common progenitors of haematopoietic and endothelial cells, called haemangioblasts, develop from extraembryonic mesenchyme10. Clusters of these cells form blood islands in which haematopoietic precursors are surrounded by endothelium11. In the mouse, migrating ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Journal of neurochemistry 73 (1999), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1471-4159
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract: We have screened a human cDNA library using an expressed sequence tag related to the BM-40/secreted protein, acidic and rich in cysteine (SPARC)/osteonectin family of proteins and isolated a novel cDNA. It encodes a protein precursor of 424 amino acids that consists of a signal peptide, a follistatin-like domain, a Ca2+-binding domain, a thyroglobulin-like domain, and a C-terminal region with two putative glycosaminoglycan attachment sites. The protein is homologous to testican-1 and was termed testican-2. Testican-1 is a proteoglycan originally isolated from human seminal plasma that is also expressed in brain. Northern blot hybridization of testican-2 showed a 6.1-kb mRNA expressed mainly in CNS but also found in lung and testis. A widespread expression in multiple neuronal cell types in olfactory bulb, cerebral cortex, thalamus, hippocampus, cerebellum, and medulla was detected by in situ hybridization. A recombinant fragment consisting of the Ca2+-binding EF-hand domain and the thyroglobulin-like domain of testican-2 showed a reversible Ca2+-dependent conformational change in circular dichroism studies. Testican-1 and -2 form a novel Ca2+-binding proteoglycan family built of modular domains with the potential to participate in diverse steps of neurogenesis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1573-5079
    Keywords: air pollution ; novel forest decline ; Picea abies ; ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase ; soluble proteins
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The aim was to determine whether a reduced carboxylation efficiency in needles of damaged spruce trees (Picea abies), is derived from a direct impairment of the ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase (RuBP carboxylase) or there is an indirect inhibition of the RuBP carboxylase. In 1985, 1986 and 1987 measurements of RuBP carboxylase activity were carried out at three locations. Trees of different ages and degrees of damage were examined. RuBP carboxylase was assayed using both a rapid extraction method to determine the initial activity and an in vitro test after total activation to determine the total activity. The activation state was calculated as the ratio of initial activity to total activity. Within three vegetation periods the total activity in needles of damaged and apparently healthy or slightly damaged spruce trees indicated no definite difference in the annual average. On the other hand, in damaged needles a continued decline of the actual activation of RuBP carboxylase was established. The observation of continued depression of the activation state of the enzyme in needles of damaged spruce trees can possibly be due to a reduced photosynthetic electron transport rate. The measurements of the soluble protein content indicate a tendency to increased amounts in the needles of damaged trees. In accordance, a considerable increase of the activity of some enzymes like glutamine synthethase, phosphoenol-pyruvate carboxylase, and catalase could be noticed. However, there is no clear connection between the RuBP carboxylase and the content of soluble proteins.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    ISSN: 0075-4617
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Studies in the Flavin Series, XVIII1).  -  Reductive Alkylation of the Flavin Nucleus2); Structure and Reactivity of Dihydroflavinsa)Known and new methods for the reduction of the (iso)alloxazine nucleus have been studied with special regard to in situ alkylation of the dihydroflavin isomers formed. Structure and oxygen affinity of the isomeric dihydroflavins have been compared (Scheme 1). Surprisingly, the base catalyzed electrophilic alkylation of dihydroflavin occurs preferably in a frontier orbital controlled reaction at the bridge carbon 4a in competition with the non-basic and non-acidic NH-function 5, and not in a charge controlled mode in the pyrimidine subnucleus (Scheme 2). Moreover, with small alkyl residues a rapid double substitution at N(5) is observed leading to the formation of a novel mesoionic system.  -  This peculiar reactivity is explained by the antiaromaticity of the dihydroflavin system which leads to a folding of the molecule along the N(5),N(10)-axis. Stable C(4a)-and N(5)-monoalkyl-, 4a,5-and 5,5-dialkyl-as well as 5,5,O(2α)-trialkyldihydroflavins have been separated (Table 3) and characterized.  -  The UV-, IR-, and NMR-spectroscopic as well as acid-base properties of the alkyldihydroflavins are described (Fig. 1-4) and the products of their reoxidation have been analyzed with special regard to the migrational and leaving group properties of the alkyl residues in the various redox states of the nucleus (Table 2). Depending upon the kind and size of N(5)-alkyl substituents it is possible to isolate 5-alkylflavosemiquinones, 5-alkylflavoquinonium salts and the corresponding 4a-pseudobases.  -  These properties are discussed with respect to flavin dependent biological substrate dehydrogenation and its intermediates, the nature of which remains hardly understood up to the present day.
    Notes: Bekannte und neue Methoden der Reduktion des (Iso)alloxazin-Gerüsts wurden getestet im Hinblick auf die Alkylierung in situ der jeweils gebildeten, meist stark autoxidablen Dihydroflavin-Isomeren. Struktur und Reaktivität der isomeren Dihydroflavine wurden verglichen (Schema 1). Überraschender Weise erfolgt die basenkatalysierte elektrophile Alkylierung der Dihydroflavine nicht zuerst ladungskontrolliert am Pyrimidinkern (Positionen 1-4, Schema 2), sondern Grenzorbital-kontrolliert am Brückenkohlenstoff 4a und an der nicht basischen und nicht aziden NH-Funktion 5. Mit kleinen Alkylresten tritt sogar schnelle Doppelsubstitution an N(5) unter Ausbildung cines neuartigen mesoionischen Systems ein.  -  Diese Reaktivität erklärt sich aus der durch Antiaromatizität bedingten Winkelung des 1,5-Dihydroflavin-Systems. Stabile C(4a)- und N(5)-Monoalkyl-, 4a,5- und 5,5-Dialkyl- sowie 5,5,O(2α)-Trialkyl-dihydroflavine wurden getrennt (Tab. 3) und charakterisiert.  -  Die UV-, IR- und NMR-spektroskopischen sowie die Säure-Basen-Eigenschaften der Alkyldihydroflavine werden beschrieben (Abb. 1-4); die Produkte ihrer Reoxidation wurden analysiert, insbesondere im Hinblick auf die Wanderungs- und Abgangsfähigkeit der eingeführten Alkylreste in den verschiedenen Redoxzuständen (Tab. 2). Je nach Art und Größe der 5-ständigen Alkyl-substituenten können 5-Alkylflavosemichinone, 5-Alkylflavochinonium-Salze und deren 4a- Pseudobasen gefaßt werden.  -  Die gefundenen Eigenschaften werden diskutiert und interpretiert als Modelle von Zwischenprodukten der bislang mechanistisch so gut wie unverstandenen Flavin-abhängigen biologischen Substratdehydrierung.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für die chemische Industrie 82 (1970), S. 669-670 
    ISSN: 0044-8249
    Keywords: Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Chemie International Edition in English 9 (1970), S. 642-643 
    ISSN: 0570-0833
    Keywords: Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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