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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A field study of hearing in the cod,Gadus morhua L. (1973)
    Springer
    Journal of comparative physiology 85 (1973), S. 147-167 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1351
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary 1. Field measurements of hearing in the cod,Gadus morhua L., have shown that these fish are sensitive to pure tones in the frequency range from 30 to 470 Hz with greatest sensitivity in the range 60 to 310 Hz. At the most sensitive frequencies the mean thresholds varied between -18 and -26 dB/μbar (Fig. 4). 2. Variation in the thresholds at most frequencies was related to changes in the level of ambient sea noise (Figs. 5–7). Only in calm sea conditions were unmasked thresholds obtained. The masking effect of noise was confirmed by raising the level artificially. The thresholds increased in proportion to the increase in noise level. 3. The thresholds were largely independent of the distance of the sound source over the range from 1.7 to 50m, suggesting that cod are sensitive to acoustic pressure. However, a changeover to particle displacement sensitivity was noted at frequencies below 50 Hz when the sound source was moved to within l m of the fish (Fig. 9). 4. It is concluded that the swimbladder plays an accessory role in hearing. Differences obtained in the thresholds at different sound source distances may be explained in terms of the displacement sensitivity of the otolith organs. These respond to displacements re-radiated from the swimbladder in the far-field, and to the greater incident displacement in the near-field at very low frequencies.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00696473
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Sound production during competitive feeding in the grey gurnard (2004)
    Oxford, UK; Malden, USA : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Journal of fish biology 65 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1095-8649
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The acoustic repertoire of captive grey gurnard Eutrigla gurnardus during competitive feeding consisted of three types of sound: knocks, grunts and growls. Knocks were audible as a single sound, whereas grunts and growls were perceived as longer, pulsed sounds to the human ear. Typically, knocks were composed of 1–2 pulses, grunts of 4–8 pulses and growls 〉10 pulses. Growls were longer and had shorter pulse periods than grunts. All sound types had peak frequencies of c. 500 Hz. The sequences of behaviours observed during feeding interactions suggest that grey gurnard obtain food both by scramble and contest tactics. Competing fish emitted knocks mainly while grasping a food item and also during other non-agonistic behaviour, suggesting that knock production may reflect a state of feeding arousal but could also serve as a warning of the forager's presence to nearby competitors. Grunts were mainly emitted during frontal displays, which were the most frequent behavioural act preceding grasps, suggesting that they may play a role in deterring other fish from gaining access to disputed food items.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.0022-1112.2004.00443.x
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Spawning of Haddock in Captivity (1967)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 215 (1967), S. 923-925 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] The courtship behaviour and spawning habits of haddock have been observed for the first time. Whether the behaviour of haddock in the sea is the same remains to be ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/215923a0
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The hearing of the Atlantic Salmon, Salmo salar (1978)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of fish biology 13 (1978), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1095-8649
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The hearing of the salmon, Salmo salar L., was studied by means of a cardiac conditioning technique. Fish were trained to show a slowing of the heart, on hearing a sound, in anticipation of a mild electric shock applied later. The minimum sound level to which the fish would respond was determined for a range of pure tones, both in the sea, and in the laboratory. The fish responded only to low frequency tones (below 380 Hz), and particle motion, rather than sound pressure, proved to be the relevant stimulus. The sensitivity of the fish to sound was not affected by the level of sea noise under natural conditions but hearing is likely to be masked by ambient noise in a turbulent river. Sound measurements made in the River Dee, near Aberdeen, lead to the conclusion that salmon are unlikely to detect sounds originating in air, but that they are sensitive to substrate borne sounds. Compared with the carp and cod the hearing of the salmon is poor, and more like that of the perch and plaice.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8649.1978.tb03480.x
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Energetic costs at different levels of feeding in juvenile cod, Gadus morhua L. (1982)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of fish biology 21 (1982), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1095-8649
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The energetic costs associated with feeding by juvenile cod were determined by means of an open-circuit respirometer. Fish acclimated to several temperatures (7, 10, 15 and 18°C) were kept at natural lighting levels, and fed inside their individual respirometers. They consumed a diet compounded from natural foods, at five different ration levels, their oxygen consumption being monitored continually over an 11–16 day period.After each meal the rate of oxygen consumption increased to above the pre-feeding level, reaching a peak 8–10 h later. With each successive meal the oxygen consumption showed a cumulative increase, reaching a maximum usually after the last meal.The elevation in metabolic rate associated with feeding was dependent upon ration size, increasing linearly as the food intake increased. The effect was also dependent upon temperature; for fish fed to satiation the total energy cost was equivalent to 11.9, 10.9, 16.4 and 17.1% of the ingested energy at 7, 10, 15 and 18°C respectively. For resting satiated fish the rate of oxygen consumption was close to the maximum rate for active fish.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8649.1982.tb02861.x
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Growling for food: acoustic emissions during competitive feeding of the streaked gurnard (2000)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of fish biology 57 (2000), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1095-8649
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The streaked gurnard Trigloporus lastoviza produced only one sound type, a growl, lasting up to 3 s and consisting of repeated groups of typically one to three pulses. The foraging fish followed two different strategies. In the first, the fish circled the feeding area, grasped a food item and fled, sometimes displaying aggressively to competitors. With this foraging strategy, fish usually made sounds as they circled, grasped and fled. Fish that growled while circling were more likely to grasp a food item subsequently than were silent fish. The second feeding strategy occurred when a fish had already ingested food or failed to get any. In this case, typically fish searched for food on the substratum or approached and touched other individuals that were feeding, sometimes grabbing food that was spat out during food handling by the other fish. Although payback experiments would be needed to draw firm conclusions on the communicative function of growling during competitive feeding in the streaked gurnard, the results suggest that sound production confers advantages to individuals competing for limited food resources.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8649.2000.tb02200.x
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Tracking cod Gadus morhua L. in a Scottish sea loch (1974)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of fish biology 6 (1974), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1095-8649
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Equipment has been developed and used to follow the movements of free-swimming individual fish in the sea. A pulsed ultrasonic transmitter inserted into the stomach is tracked by measuring differences in the time of arrival of the acoustic pulses at an array of omnidirectional hydrophones. The method was used to plot the movements of cod in an enclosed sea-loch. After an initial phase of active movement the cod became less mobile and adopted a nocturnal cycle of activity.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8649.1974.tb04541.x
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Genetic determination of the contribution of stocked and wild Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., to the angling fisheries in two Spanish rivers (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of fish biology 35 (1989), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1095-8649
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: From 1983 to 1986 the Rivers Ason and Nansa (northern Spain) were stocked with over 100 000 eyed ova year−1 from a Scottish hatchery in an effort to increase angling catches of Atlantic salmon. An inherent genetic marker was used to estimate the contributions of stocked and wild fish from these year-classes to the 1988 rod-and-line fishery. Stocking with foreign ova yielded 0.9 fish per 10 000 ova in the R. Asón and zero fish in the R. Nansa. Natural egg deposition yielded 4.1 and 4.9 fish per 10000 ova, respectively. Reasons for the difference in performance between stocked and wild fish are examined.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8649.1989.tb03069.x
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Masked auditory thresholds in the cod,Gadus morhua L. (1975)
    Springer
    Journal of comparative physiology 103 (1975), S. 209-226 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1351
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Auditory thresholds were determined for cod (Gadus morhua) using a cardiac conditioning technique. Pure tone stimuli were presented against a background of high level white noise. As the bandwidth of the masking noise was reduced the threshold: noise ratio remained approximately constant until a critical bandwidth was reached, when the threshold: noise ratio declined. The width of the critical band was investigated by experiments where pure tone thresholds were determined in the presence of narrow bands of noise centred at different frequencies. Thresholds declined with increasing frequency separation between the stimulus and noise band. The masking function obtained can be described in terms of an equivalent rectangular filter of finite width. Values for the critical bandwidth derived in this way show a general increase with stimulus frequency, ranging from 59.0 Hz wide at 40 Hz, to 165 Hz wide at 380 Hz. These values are close to calculated values (critical ratios) determined from the results of earlier experiments, where pure tone stimuli were masked by broad band noise.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00617122
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Directional hearing in the median vertical plane by the cod (1977)
    Springer
    Journal of comparative physiology 122 (1977), S. 1-8 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1351
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The ability of cod (Gadus morhua) to discriminate between sound sources in the median vertical plane was studied using a cardiac conditioning technique. Masked auditory thresholds were obtained by transmitting tone and noise from separate projectors. There was a significant decrease in masking as the angular separation between tone and noise sources increased, confirming that cod is able to perform an auditory discrimination based on directional cues (Fig. 2). The power of angular resolution was studied using a directional change of a pulsed tone as the conditioning stimulus. The limit for angular discrimination was close to 16°, as compared to 20° previously reported for the horizontal plane (Fig. 4). Humans are unable to discriminate between pure tones from different directions in the median vertical plane. This difference in auditory ability between fish and humans may be attributed to the difference in habitat; the fish living in a three dimensional medium while humans are restricted to a surface.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00611244
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