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Notes: In this paper, a comb-driving tunneling magnetometer based on the tunnelingeffect is introduced. The designation, manufacture and tests of this magnetometer arediscussed, including its structure, FEA analysis, machining processes and test results.The test results indicate that the chip is coincidental with the tunneling effect and the chipis capable of sensing the magnetic signal

Notes: In the framework of percolation theory, a simple void-coalescence model combined withthe constitutive relations for describing the stress relaxation and material softening during thevoid-coalescence process, name as the percolation-relaxation (P-R) model, is proposed to describethe dynamic tensile spallation of ductile metals. A critical damage is introduced and coupled into themodel to identify the onset of the void coalescence. Mesoscopically, the critical damagecorresponds to the critical intervoid ligament distance (ILD), indicating the start of transition fromthe void-growth to the void-coalescence

Notes: Si3N4-filled epoxy resin composite was fabricated employing liquid press molding method.Properties, such as thermal conductivity, dielectric constant of Si3N4-filled epoxy resin composite wereevaluated, the effect of the content of Si3N4 and surface treatment of the filler was also considered. Asilane coupling agent, namely NH2−(CH2)3Si−(OC2H5)3, was applied to functionalize the surface of Si3N4filler. Experimental results showed that the thermal conductivity of the composites is strongly dependenton the filler and is dominated by the interface of epoxy resin and Si3N4 particles. As the Si3N4 volumefraction increasing, thermal conductance of Si3N4-filled composite was improved obviously, especiallyfor that of silane-treated Si3N4 powder filled composite. Dielectric constant of the composite increaseslinearly, however, it still remains at a relatively low level (〈5, at 1MHz)

Notes: Carbon deposition on Ni/YSZ cermets and the role of Zr-doped ceria catalysts on carbondeposition have been investigated in the present study. Upon exposure to methane, large amounts offilamentous carbon formed on the surface of the cermets. In addition, carbon dissolved into the Niparticles, significantly expanding the dimensions of the entire pellet. The addition of Zr-doped ceriacatalyst pellets on each side of the Ni/YSZ cermet significantly reduced the amount of depositedcarbon and affected the structure of the deposits. In particular, the carbon was more weakly boundto the surface and appeared only to be deposited on the Ni/YSZ surface and not dissolved into thestructure

Notes: The mechanical properties and microstructures of different state cryogenic treatment 3102Al-foil, such as H19，H26 or O state, were studied by tensile testing, optical metalloscopy (OM) andtransmission electron microscope(TEM). The results showed that, after deep cryogenic treatment, thestrength of H19 state increased and the elongation to failure decreased. In the same time, the yieldstrength increased and breaking strength decreases and the elongation decreased dramatically for Ostate, but, for H26 state, the strength and elongation increased dramatically, which correspond to theproperties of this state at low temperatures. OM and TEM observation showed cryogenic treatmentcaused by the fibrous grains broken down and many grains with the size of 0.1~3μm These fineequiaxial grains can improve the strength and elongation of the Al-foil. On the contrary, the atomicshrinkage force slips high density dislocations into interface of the grains and forms terraces andfissure in it. That leads to the elongation decrease and the interface been broaden at very lowtemperature. The grain size of O state with cryogenic treatment is larger than without cryogenictreatment. As a result, the synthetic mechanical properties of H26 state improved by the way ofcryogenic treatment, but the H19 state and O state should avoid use and put at low temperatures

Notes: Reactions of a C60 monolayer with oxygen adatoms on the Pt(111) surface were studied by a multitechnique surface science approach in the 100–1100 K range. Temperature programmed desorption (TPD), x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), ultraviolet (UV) photoelectron spectroscopy (UPS), and high resolution electron energy loss spectroscopy (HREELS) were used to determine the onset temperature for the initial reaction and to characterize the reaction intermediates and products. Unlike the reaction of C60 with O2(g), which begins at 370 K, reaction with oxygen adatoms on Pt(111) begins below 100 K with the formation of C=O bonds with ν(CO) at 2134 cm−1. At about 450, R–O–R species, where R=sp2-hybridized carbon atoms singly bonded to oxygen, with ν(CO)=1215 cm−1, develop and become the dominant reaction intermediates at 700–800 K. Also at these temperatures, an intense peak develops in the HREELS spectra characteristic of polymerized C60 at 1460 cm−1. The reaction products decompose to liberate gas phase CO and CO2 and form graphitic carbon. A prominent difference between the intermediates of this reaction and that of C60 with O2(g) is the absence of vibrational peaks in the 1650–1750 cm−1 region that arise from carbonyl groups. An R–O–R intermediate derived from the opening of pentagons in C60, a structure that has not been observed experimentally before but has been suggested to be stable from theoretical calculations, is most consistent with our spectroscopic results. © 1999 American Institute of Physics.

Notes: Aim.  This paper reports a study describing Chinese nurses’ use of non-pharmacological methods for relieving 6- to 12-year-old children's postoperative pain and factors related to this.Background.  Non-pharmacological methods are stated to be effective in relieving children's postoperative pain when used independently or in conjunction with medication. However, little is known about the use of these methods by Chinese nurses.Methods.  A questionnaire survey was carried out in 2002 with a convenience sample of 187 nurses working at 12 surgical wards in five hospitals of Fujian Province, China. A Likert-type instrument was used, and the average response rate was 98%. Descriptive statistics and content analysis were used to analyse the data.Results.  The most commonly used non-pharmacological methods were giving preparatory information, comforting/reassurance, creating a comfortable environment, distraction, and positioning. Positive reinforcement and helping with daily activities were used less often, and transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation was not used at all. Many nurse background factors were statistically significantly related to their use of pain alleviation methods. Furthermore, many factors limited their use of non-pharmacological methods, the most common being that there were too few nurses for the work that had to be done, followed by nurses’ lack of knowledge about pain management.Conclusions.  While Chinese nurses used versatile non-pharmacological methods in school-aged children's postoperative pain relief, there remains a need for more education about pain management and for more frequent use of these methods in clinical care.

Notes: Purpose - To investigate empirically the salience, and significance, of generic identity (industry-wide identity) within the British Building Society Movement. Design/methodology/approach - A qualitative, explanatory study drawing on the principles of grounded theory/case-study research design. Findings - The study confirmed the survival/existence of an industry-wide identity and found this identity type to be of considerable significance and strength. The antecedents of the industry's identity were shown to be a common historical legacy; strong industry culture; effect of regulation; and industry responsiveness to threats. The study builds on the earlier work of Balmer regarding generic image and identity and confirms the salience of the "historicity" of identity articulated by Moingeon and Ramanantsoa. It broadly supports Albert and Whetten's categorisation of identity except with regard to enduringness. In this regard the research found Gioia's notion of adaptive instability to be salient. Practical implications - The management of generic identity is of crucial importance. Changes of corporate identity need to take account of the generic identity. Originality/value - The first major empirical study of generic identity and, as such, the first empirical study of industry identity within the financial services sector.

Notes: ABSTRACT The study of forest landscape change requires an understanding of the complex interactions of both spatial and temporal factors. Traditionally, forest gap models have been used to simulate change on small and independent plots. While gap models are useful in examining forest ecological dynamics across temporal scales, large, spatial processes, such as seed dispersal, cannot be realistically simulated across large landscapes. To simulate seed dispersal, spatially explicit landscape models that track individual species distribution are needed. We used such a model, LANDIS, to illustrate the implications of seed dispersal for simulating forest landscape change. On an artificial open landscape with a uniform environment, circular-shaped tree species establishment patterns resulted from the simulations, with areas near seed sources more densely covered than areas further from seed sources. Because LANDIS simulates at 10-y time steps, this pattern reflects an integration of various possible dispersal shapes and establishment that are caused by the annual variations in climate and other environmental variables. On real landscapes, these patterns driven only by species dispersal radii are obscured by other factors, such as species competition, disturbance, and landscape structure. To further demonstrate the effects of seed dispersal, we chose a fairly disturbed and fragmented forest landscape (approximately 500,000 ha) in northern Wisconsin. We compared the simulation results of a map with tree species (seed source locations) realistically parameterized (the real scenario) against a randomly parameterized species map (the random scenario). Differences in the initial seed source distribution lead to different simulation results of species abundance with species abundance starting at identical levels under the two scenarios. This is particularly true for the first half of the model run (0–250 y). Under the random scenario, infrequently occurring and shade tolerant species tend to be overestimated, while midabundant and midshade tolerant species tend to be underestimated. The over- and underestimation of species abundance diminish when examining long-term (500 y) landscape dynamics, because stochastic factors, such as fire, tend to make the landscapes under both scenarios converge. However, differences in spatial patterns, and especially species age-cohort distributions, can persist under the two scenarios for several hundred years.

Notes: Abstract. A 155-bp tandem repeat was previously reported to be present in all centromeric regions of the dipteran Chironomus pallidivittatus. We have now isolated a second centromere specific tandem repeat, 375 bp long. Two blocks were found of the new unit, differing in size, probably representing allelic forms. The repeat is present only in chromosome 3, bordering 155-bp repeat arrays. There are about 100 repeats per genome, compared to 1300 units for the 155-bp repeat. The two units contain an identical 9-bp sequence which can form target-site duplications flanking a short mobile element, Cp1. An inversion within the tandem array was isolated, the breakpoint of which is within the 9-bp target sequence. Another short shared motif, 10-bp long, is also present at the insertion site for a mobile element. The two repeat units are similar in having long regions with more than 80% AT and an overall high AT content.