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  • 1
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    A biometric study of suture fusion and skull growth in peccaries (1974)
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 146 (1974), S. 167-180 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Schlagwort(e): Skull ; Growth ; Cranial sutures ; Artiodactyla
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Summary Museum skull populations of Dicotyles tajacu (collared peccary) and Tayassu pecari (white-lipped peccary) were sampled for a study correlating suture fusion and the dynamics of skull growth. The skulls were scored for degree of fusion of each suture, and measurements of various cranial dimensions were taken. The fusion scores and measurements were then analyzed by a variety of statistical procedures. The sequence of suture closure in peccaries differs from most other mammals in the early fusion of most palatal and facial sutures. This difference is thought to be related to a need for strengthening the snout, which is used in stressful rooting and feeding activities. Most differences in closure order between the two peccary genera are correlated with differences in adult skull proportions. A general association was found between synostosis of individual sutures and the cessation of rapid growth in related cranial dimensions. However, in many dimensions slow linear growth continued after synostosis, presumably by periosteal apposition.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00315593
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  • 2
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    The facial musculature of the suoidea (1972)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 137 (1972), S. 49-62 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Schlagwort(e): Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: The facial musculature and rhinarial anatomy of a tayassuid, Dicotyles, and four suids, Sus, Hylochoerus, Phacochoerus and Babirussa, are described. Differences found include the lack of m. zygomaticus in Hylochoerus and Phacochoerus and several modifications of the rostral muscles, mm. levator rostri, dilator naris, and depressor rostri. These differences are related to behavioral characteristics of the animals, particularly the occurrence of toothbaring and rhinarial mobility.The missing m. zygomaticus and relatively small mouth of Hylochoerus and Phacochoerus are probably associated with behavioral patterns which do not necessitate a large gape. In these genera the canines are exposed even when the mouth is closed. The development of the rostral musculature is correlated with movements of the rhinarium. Similarly, the distribution of terminal tendons depends on the shape of the nostril. In Hylochoerus and Phacochoerus, mobility of the rhinarium, especially the dorsal part, is less than in other suoids because of the firmer attachment of the rostral bone to the skull and the weaker development of the rostral muscles.
    Zusätzliches Material: 8 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051370104
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  • 3
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Physiology of feeding in miniature pigs (1973)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 141 (1973), S. 427-460 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Schlagwort(e): Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: The anatomy and physiology of feeding in miniature swine were studied, using gross dissection, electromyography, cinematography, and cineradiography.Small particles are preferred for ingestion, and large items are usually broken down outside of the oral cavity. The particles are initially picked up with the lower lip and then retrieved by the tongue; the tongue very rarely leaves the oral cavity. Geniohyoid, mylohyoid and digastric are the most active muscles during food collection.Mastication is fairly rapid (3 cycles/sec) and involves a transverse component which may be either medially or laterally directed. The direction of motion is generally reversed with every chew. Electromyography indicates that the transverse rotation is caused by a force couple consisting of protrusors (masseter, medial and lateral pterygoids) on one side and retrusors (zygomaticomandibularis and temporalis) on the other. The direction of the rotation is not necessarily related to the side containing the bolus. Mandibular depression is electromyographically biphasic. Concurrent tongue and hyoid movements complicate the interpretation of activity patterns in the oral floor.Both masticated food and liquid are stored between the tongue and the soft palate and epiglottis before being swallowed. Swallowing involves very strong activity in all of the hyoid and tongue muscles and very low activity in the adductors. Liquid is taken in by suction rather than lapping.Comparisons with other mammals are presented.
    Zusätzliches Material: 20 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051410405
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  • 4
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Ontogeny of oral function in hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus) (1980)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 165 (1980), S. 237-254 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Schlagwort(e): Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: The oral apparatus of neonatal and juvenile golden hamsters was investigated by clearing and staining of whole crania, videotaping of behavior, and electromyography of several jaw muscles. Chewing developed during the first postnatal week and matured in the second; however, suckling was still the primary mode of feeding. Micromovements of the jaws occurred early when the osseous skeleton and joints developed. Macromovements correlated well with EMG records and were limited to jaw opening at birth. Muscles of the oral floor generated large bursts of activity during jaw opening and tongue protrusion from 0 days postnatal (dpn), when simple and stereotyped gaping was induced, until 14 dpn, when movements were spontaneous and not stereotyped nor inducible. However, adductor muscle activity was brief, low in amplitude, and primarily involved with jaw stabilization until 4 dpn, when these muscles became active during closing the jaws; closing activity increased in frequency and amplitude until the end of the second week. Development of frequent, coordinated macromovements of chewing was associated with the refinement of joint structure and dental occlusion and with the growth of the craniofacial skeleton. Jaw movements and associated EMG's correlated better with available data on development of neural circuitry than with that for musculoskeletal development.
    Zusätzliches Material: 5 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051650303
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  • 5
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    In vivo strain in cranial sutures: The zygomatic arch (1991)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 207 (1991), S. 225-239 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Schlagwort(e): Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Although cranial sutures presumably play a role in absorbing and/or transmitting loads applied to the skull, loading patterns on facial sutures are poorly understood. The zygomatic arch provides a comparatively isolated mechanical part of the skull containing a single suture, the zygomatico-squamosal. In pigs the zygomatico-squamosal suture has a short vertical segment located within the postorbital process and a longer horizontal segment which extends posteriorly. In anesthetized pigs single-element high-elongation strain gages were bonded over both segments of the suture. Strain was recorded during stimulation of the masseter muscles and while the lightly anesthetized animals masticated food pellets. The predominant strain patterns differed in the two segments of the suture. During mastication compressive strains predominated in the vertical segment, but tensile strains predominated in the horizontal segment. The same patterns were also produced by stimulation of the ipsilateral masseter muscle. Contraction of the contralateral masseter reversed the strain pattern, but strain levels were low and during mastication such reversals occurred only transiently. The two segments of the suture have contrasting morphologies. The vertical segment has broad, interdigitating contacts with fibers arranged in a compression-resisting orientation. The horizontal segment has a simple tongue and groove structure with fibers arranged to resist tension. Thus, the structure of the suture reflects the predominant strain pattern.
    Zusätzliches Material: 9 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1052070302
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  • 6
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Bone growth and periosteal migration control masseter muscle orientation in pigs (Sus scrofa) (1993)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 235 (1993), S. 215-222 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Schlagwort(e): Craniofacial growth ; Masticatory muscles ; Periosteum ; Pigs ; Longitudinal study ; Radiography ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: During growth the muscles of mastication alter their lines of action. Research on long bones indicates that the apparent migration of muscle attachments is due to the movement of the periosteum relative to the underlying bone. To assess whether the pig masseter muscle follows the periosteum during growth, implants of titanium granules in a gelatin matrix were placed simultaneously in various parts of the masseter muscle and its periosteal and bony attachments. Growth movements of these tissues were followed radiographically for 2 months. Granule position was verified histologically. Periosteal movement was the dominant growth process at the insertion of the masseter. All implants migrated caudally relative to the mandible. However, a strong position effect was seen dorsoventrally: implants placed high in the ascending ramus migrated dorsally as well as caudally; low implants migrated only caudally. This differential migration, ascribed to the influence of the condyle, accounts for the increasing horizontal orientation of dorsal fibers. A similar differential was seen along the rostrocaudal axis of the ramus. In contrast to the insertion, the origin of the masseter from the zygomatic arch shows no periosteal movement. Rather, the entire bone-muscle complex becomes displaced by sutural growth, leading to increasing vertical orientation of the masseter. Thus two different aspects of skull growth are responsible for the change in muscle anatomy. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
    Zusätzliches Material: 8 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.1092350205
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  • 7
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Functional heterogeneity in a multipinnate muscle (1979)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    American Journal of Anatomy 154 (1979), S. 563-575 
    Details
    ISSN: 0002-9106
    Schlagwort(e): Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Many mammalian muscles have a complex internal architecture. This type of structure could allow a single muscle to produce a variety of force vectors through selective regional contractions. This hypothesis was tested electromyographically in the multipinnate pig masseter by recording simultaneously from several intramuscular sites. It was found that the activity in different portions of the masseter varied systematically during the various phases of mastication. Anatomical correlates of the differential activity included fasciculus orientation and length, sarcomere length in specific jaw positions, and histochemical fiber type. The usual assumptions made about muscles for biomechanical analysis, such as uniform contraction and constant line of action, are inappropriate for complex muscles such as the pig masseter.
    Zusätzliches Material: 10 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aja.1001540410
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