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  • 1
    ISSN: 1432-1831
    Keywords: Key wordsToxoplasma gondii ; Toxoplasmosis ; Rat ; Animal model
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract There is evidence that not only the immune status, but also the genetic predisposition of certain hosts influence the clinical outcome of Toxoplasma gondii infection. By far the majority of our knowledge on genetic and immunological mechanisms involved in control of T. gondii infection has been obtained by studying mouse models, which in terms of clinical outcome of infection differ considerably from humans. Rats which show a rather similar course of infection in comparison to humans have not so far been investigated for effects of genetic differences on course of the infection. In this study we show that, like mice, different strains of rats exhibit a remarkable variation in the number of brain cysts arising from chronic infection. LEW rats seem to be highly resistant to cyst formation, in contrast to F344 rats that are susceptible. In addition, F344 rats express high numbers of γδ T cells during the acute phase of infection, whereas LEW rats express elevated but comparably low numbers of γδ T cells. The RT1 (rat MHC) haplotypes of both strains are identical in the RT1A and RT1B/D regions, which encode the restriction elements for conventional peptide antigens. Consequently, rat strain-specific differences may be useful to define MHC-independent mechanisms of resistance against T. gondii, which may also act in humans.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Mathematische Semesterberichte 42 (1995), S. 139-151 
    ISSN: 0720-728X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: Zusammenfassung. Thema dieses Artikels sind Anwendungen Diskreter Mathematik in der modernen Kommunikationstechnik. Es wird dargestellt, wie fehlerkorrigierende Codes bei digitaler Kommunikation außer zur Korrektur von Übertragungsfehlern gleichzeitig auch für Verschlüsselung oder Authentifizierung eingesetzt werden können. Einen Schwerpunkt in der Darstellung bilden das McEliece-Verfahren und daraus abgeleitete kryptologische Protokolle.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1600-065X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Copenhagen : Munksgaard International Publishers
    Immunological reviews 184 (2001), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1600-065X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary: This review summarizes our current knowledge of T-cell maturation and repertoire selection in the rat thymus. Some unique features of early thymocyte development and of CD4/CD8 lineage decision are described. A detailed analysis of lineage progression through the CD4, CD8 “double positive” compartment and T-cell receptor-induced CD8 T-cell maturation in cell culture is provided. A second emphasis is placed on interactions between germline-encoded T-cell receptor elements with MHC molecules in thymic repertoire selection and alloreactivity
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    ISSN: 1439-099X
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter: Präoperative Bestrahlung ; Operables Rektumkarzinom ; Postoperative Strahlentherapie ; Nebenwirkungen ; LENT-SOMA ; Key Words: Preoperative irradiation ; Operable carcinoma of the rectum ; Postoperative radiotherapy ; Side effects ; LENT-SOMA
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Aim: Analysis of a randomized study of preoperative radiation therapy for operable carcinoma of the rectum with regard to late sequelae. Results of tumor control and survival, which have already been published in detail are summarized for comparison and for confirmation of the conclusions. Patients and Methods: Between January 1988 and October 1993 94 patients with operable carcinoma of the rectum were included in a randomized trial. Fourty-seven patients were treated with 5 × 3.3 Gy (field size 16 × 16 cm, 9 MeV photons) 24 to 48 hours prior to surgery; 46 patients did not receive preoperative irradiation. If risk factors (T4-stage, R1/R2 resection, intraoperative tumor perforation) were present, postoperative irradiation was performed after CT-planning. Total postoperative doses of 41.4 Gy (preoperative irradiation) or 59.8 Gy (surgery only) were applied with doses per fraction of 1.8 to 2.0 Gy. Local control, survival, and pattern of side effects were analyzed at 5 years after conclusion of the trial. Results: The frequency of local recurrence was markedly reduced by preoperative irradiation in R0-resected patients (24% vs 13%, p = 0.08). The time to recurrence was delayed (1.9 vs 3 years). The 5-year actuarial survival rate was significantly higher in the preoperatively irradiated group compared to the not pre-irradiated group (40% vs 28%, p = 0.027). Multivariate analysis revealed UICC-grading as the only independent parameter for local control (p = 0.0003), while preoperative irradiation (p = 0.07) and T-stage (p = 0.08) only displayed a trend. For patient survival, age (p = 0.0003), R.-status (p = 0.01) and UICC-score (p = 0.001) were significant prognostic factors. Preoperative irradiation had a non-significant effect only (p = 0.078). Radiation-induced side effects with a LENT-SOMA score 〉 2 were observed neither during frequent follow-up nor at an additional examination of those patients still alive in 1998 (n = 25). Of 4 pre- and postoperatively irradiated patients with risk factors, 3 had side effects grade 1 or 2, predominantly rectal changes, at 5 to 11 years after treatment. Conclusions: A positive effect on tumor control and survival is achieved with preoperative irradiation with the doses used in this study, with moderate side effects.
    Notes: Ziel: Auswertung einer randomisierten Studie zur präoperativen Strahlentherapie bei operablem Rektumkarzinom im Hinblick auf Spätnebenwirkungen. Die bereits ausführlich publizierten Ergebnisse zur Tumorkontrolle und zum Überleben werden zum Vergleich und zur Absicherung der Schlußfolgerungen dargestellt. Patienten und Methoden: Zwischen Januar 1988 und Oktober 1993 wurden in eine randomisierte Studie 94 Patienten mit operablem Rektumkarzinom einbezogen. 47 Patienten wurden mit 5mal 3,3 Gy (16 × 16 cm Feldgröße, 9-MeV-Photonenbestrahlung) präoperativ bestrahlt und 24 bis 48 Stunden danach operiert; 46 Patienten erhielten keine präoperative Strahlentherpie. Bei Vorliegen von Risikofaktoren (T4-Stadium, R1/R2-Resektion, intraoperative Tumorperforation) erfolgte eine CT-gestützt geplante postoperative Bestrahlung mit Einzeldosen von 1,8 bis 2,0 Gy und Gesamtdosen im Mittel von 41,4 Gy (präoperative Bestrahlung) und 59,8 Gy (nur postoperativ Bestrahlte). Es wurden lokale Kontrollen, Überleben und Nebenwirkungsmuster fünf Jahre nach Abschluß der Studie ausgewertet. Ergebnisse: Die Zahl der Lokalrezidive in der R0-resezierten Gruppe konnte durch die Vorbestrahlung deutlich gesenkt werden (24 versus 17%, p = 0,08) und auf einen späteren Zeitpunkt (1,9 versus drei Jahre) verschoben werden. Das aktuarische Fünf-Jahres-Überleben war mit 49% in der vorbestrahlten gegenüber 28% in der nichtvorbestrahlten Gruppe signifikant (p = 0,027) günstiger. Eine multivariate Analyse erbrachte für die lokale Kontrolle als signifikant unabhängigen Parameter lediglich das UICC-Stadium (p = 0,0003). Die Vorbestrahlung (p = 0,07) und das T-Stadium (p = 0,08) zeigten einen statistischen Trend. Für das Überleben war das Alter der Patienten (p = 0,0003), das R-Kriterium (p = 0,01) und das UICC-Stadium (p = 0,001) prognostisch signifikant. Die Vorbestrahlung (p = 0,078) hatte auch hier einen noch nicht signifikanten Einfluß. Radiogene Nebenwirkungen 〉 Grad 2 (LENT-SOMA) konnten weder bei der engmaschigen Nachsorge aller Patienten noch in einer 1998 durchgeführten zusätzlichen Untersuchung der zu diesem Zeitpunkt noch lebenden bestrahlten Patienten (n = 25) beobachtet werden. Von vier prä- und postoperativ bestrahlten Patienten mit Risikofaktoren, die fünf bis elf Jahre nach der Behandlung nachuntersucht wurden, hatten drei Nebenwirkungen Grad 1 oder 2, wobei besonders die Enddarmstörungen klinisch bedeutsam waren. Schlußfolgerung: Die präoperative Bestrahlung in der genannten Dosierung zeigt einen positiven Effekt auf lokale Tumorkontrolle und Überleben bei moderaten Nebenwirkungen.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Strahlentherapie und Onkologie 176 (2000), S. 441-442 
    ISSN: 1439-099X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
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    Provincetown, Mass., etc. : Periodicals Archive Online (PAO)
    Journal of General Psychology. 99 (1978:July) 49 
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Educational technology research and development 38 (1990), S. 19-25 
    ISSN: 1556-6501
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Education
    Notes: Abstract Mastery learning, it is claimed, is among the most successful practices in higher education. Evidence supporting this claim has recently been criticized as empirically weak. This experiment employed a four-group, pre-post design to examine the learning consequences of a computer-administered mastery-testing approach in comparison with a seminar-discussion approach in a third-year university course. The mastery-testing approach generated significantly higher learning achievement than did the seminar-discussion approach. Replication and extension of this research approach are recommended to support generalizations across mastery-testing techniques, delivery systems, and disciplines.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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