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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    s.l. : American Chemical Society
    Journal of the American Chemical Society 75 (1953), S. 4657-4660 
    ISSN: 1520-5126
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1432-0770
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Computer Science , Physics
    Notes: Abstract According to Hebb's postulate for learning, information presented to a neural net during a learning session is stored in the synaptic efficacies. Long-term potentiation occurs only if the postsynaptic neuron becomes active in a time window set up by the presynaptic one. We carefully interpret and mathematically implement the Hebb rule so as to handle both stationary and dynamic objects such as single patterns and cycles. Since the natural dynamics contains a rather broad distribution of delays, the key idea is to incorporate these delays in the learning session. As theory and numerical simulation show, the resulting procedure is surprisingly robust and faithful. It also turns out that pure Hebbian learning is by selection: the network produces synaptic representations that are selected according to their resonance with the input percepts.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Sleep ; evoked potentials ; cat ; specific and non-specific responses
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung 1. An Katzen wurden die nach akustischer (in einigen Versuchen auch nach optischer) Reizung vom akustischen Cortex (CA), optischen Cortex (CO), vom Hippocamous (HC) und medialen Thalamus (TM) mit implantierten Elektroden im Wach- und Schlafzustand abgeleiteten Reaktionspotentiale untersucht. (Ton 800 Hz, 0,3 sec Dauer, 85 dB, etwa alle 10 sec ein Reiz). 2. Die Reizantwort des wachen Tieres ist kleiner als während des von Spindeltätigkeit und hohen langsamen Wellen begleiteten Schlafes (HVS-Schlafes) und zeigt Ähnlichkeit mit der während der sog. paradoxen Schlafphase (LVF-Schlaf) abgeleiteten Antwort. 3. Die Variabilität in Abhängigkeit vom Wach-Schlafzustand ist in dem spezifischen Cortexareal kleiner als im unspezifischen Cortex, im HC und im TM. Das Reaktionspotential dieser unspezifischen Strukturen während des LVF-Schlafes ähnelt am meisten dem nach Konfrontierung mit einer Ratte, unterscheidet sich aber, insbesondere im HC, von der Reizantwort bei Erregung durch Amphetamin. 4. Die Vergrößerung der akustischen Antworten unspezifischer Strukturen im HVS-Schlaf betrifft sowohl die initial negative wie die folgende positive Welle, wobei die positive Welle mit einer Latenz von 60–150 msec oft besonders hervortritt. Reizung während Spindeltätigkeit löst vorwiegend negative Wellen in der Frequenz der Schlafspindeln aus. Reizung mit etwas schnellerer Frequenz (0,5–1 Hz) führt zu ähnlichen Veränderungen der Reizantwort wie beim Wachzustand, ohne aber durch Aufwachen bedingt zu sein. 5. Die Ergebnisse werden diskutiert, insbesondere in Hinblick auf die Einordnung des LVF-Schlafes im Wach-Schlaf-Zyclus und die mögliche Beziehung der beobachteten Veränderungen der Reaktionspotentiale zu synaptischen Vorgängen.
    Notes: Summary 1. Evoked responses to acoustic stimulation and, in a few experiments, to light flash stimulation were obtained in cats with chronically implanted electrodes during different stages of sleep and wakefulness (acoustic stimulus 800 Hz, duration 0,3 sec, 85 dB presented every 10 sec). Recordings were made from auditory cortex (CA), optic cortex (CO), hippocampus (HC) and medial thalamus region (TM). 2. Responses in the waking animal were smaller than those obtained during spindle activity or during high-voltage, slow wave sleep (HVS-sleep). Evoked potentials in the waking state resembled responses obtained during socalled paradoxical or low-voltage, fast wave sleep (LVF-sleep). 3. Changes in the state of sleep or wakefulness altered the potentials recorded from unspecific cortex, HC and TM more than those obtained from the specific sensory cortical area. Evoked potentials observed during LVF-sleep were similar to those seen while the cat was confronted with a rat, but were different from those recorded during excitation following administration of amphetamine, particularly in HC. 4. The increased amplitude of the evoked potential in unspecific structures during HVS-sleep was due to augmentation of both the initial negative and the following positive wave of the response, the positive wave (latency 60–150 msec) often being very pronounced. Increase of stimulus frequency to only 0,5–1/sec during spindle activity led to changes resembling the waking state, although unaccompanied by behavioral arousal. Stimulation during spindle bursts evoked negative wave trains having the frequency of the spindles. 5. These results are discussed with particular emphasis on the place of LVF-sleep in the wake-sleep-cycle and the possible relation of observed variations of the evoked potentials to synaptic processes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 17 (1973), S. 539-548 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: 6-Hydroxydopamine ; Neuronal uptake ; Central nervous system ; Autoradiography
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Tritiated 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) was injected into the lateral ventricle of rats and rabbits and visualized by means of autoradiography. In unfixed frozen sections, radioactive material was found penetrating about 2 mm into the periventricular tissue within 4–48 hours after injection. Radioactivity was localized preferably in particular nuclei, leaving the fiber bundles nearly free of label. In formalin-fixed paraplast-embedded sections the appearance of silver grain clusters was the very characteristic finding representing most probably uptake into presynaptic terminals. Labelling pattern suggests highly selective uptake of 6-OHDA by terminals of noradrenaline and dopamine-containing neurones; also a few single neurones of particular mesencephalic nuclei showed uptake by their nerve cell soma. A specific uptake mechanism for 6-OHDA which is most likely identical with the monoamine pump may explain the well-known selectivity of the pharmacological action of 6-OHDA. Mapping of silver grain clusters and an analysis of the frequency by which they occur in different areas of the brain were performed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Cutaneous Receptive Fields ; Microelectrophoresis ; Amino Acids ; Inhibitory Interneurones
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Extracellular recording of 320 neurones in the dorsal horn (L 7) were performed in cats by means of multibarrelled electrodes. Changes of cutaneous receptive field size and responsiveness to tactile stimulation induced by microelectrophoretic application of exciting (glutamic acid — GLA; homocysteic acid — HCA) and depressing (glycine — GY; and gamma-amino-butyric acid — GABA) amino acids were studied on cells giving origin to the spino-cervical tract (SCT) as well as on other unidentified dorsal horn cells (NON-SCT-neurones). Two types of SCT-neurones were distinguished. An unexpected finding was that in most type I SCT-neurones low doses of GLA induced increased excitability but higher doses of GLA could not induce a depolarization block and very often led to a decrease in cell excitability. Recordings obtained with double-multibarrelled electrodes are very suggestive that this biphasic effect of GLA is mediated via inhibitory interneurones induced by the spreading of GLA. In almost all type II SCT-neurones and NON-SCT-neurones GLA induced increase of excitability leading to a depolarization block at high doses. Such changes were accompanied by a considerable increase of receptive field size and responsiveness to mechanical stimulation. In all types of cells GY induced a shrinkage of the receptive field and also reduced sensitivity. In most dorsal horn cells encountered in this study cooling at thoracic level produced an increase in field size and sensitivity. GLA could induce a further increase when applied at the same time, however.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 4 (1972), S. 137-141 
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: Fentanyl ; pharmacokinetics ; neuroleptanalgesia ; analogue computer
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Plasma levels and urinary excretion of3H-fentanyl were studied in 5 human subjects after intravenous injection of this drug. After an initial rapid decline, the plasma level of fentanyl decreased slowly and approximately exponentially. The plasma concentration of metabolites remained almost steady from 1–3 h after injection. More than 60% of the administered radioactivity was excreted through the kidneys within 4 days. Only a small proportion of it was unchanged fentanyl. The rates of fall of plasma concentration and of urinary excretion were slower in man than in rabbits. — The time courses of plasma concentrations and of urinary excretion were simulated on an analogue computer. The results support the assumption that the different time courses of concentrations in man and rabbits are caused by slower metabolism in man. It seems likely that redistribution plays a dominant part in the short duration of action of fentanyl in man.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: Lipophilic drugs ; hydrophilic metabolites ; plasma levels ; liquid scintillation counting
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary A simple method is described for the separate determination in plasma of lipophilic drugs and their more hydrophilic metabolites by liquid scintillation counting. This is done by measuring the radioactivity after adding biological specimens to a scintillation liquid which takes up both the unchanged drug and its hydrophilic metabolites (Bray's solution), and by mixing further aliquots of the specimen with a scintillation fluid which only takes up unchanged drug (Toluene+PPO=TSC). The amount of hydrophilic substances dissolved in TSC, as well as irradiation from the aqueous phase, were shown to be less than 13% for both of the isotopes3H and14C, employing 0.5 ml of aqueous phase added to 10 ml toluene scintillant. Checking the method by thin layer chromatography showed that the concentrations of fentanyl and haloperidol in plasma were determined accurately. After taking account of a special procedure used to dissolve a greater proportion of morphine in toluene, the ratio of TSC and BSC measurements was in agreement with data obtained by thin layer chromatography. Experiments with chlorpromazine showed that lipophilic degradation products were formed which could not be separated from the original drug by liquid-liquid partition. In such cases, therefore, the method cannot be employed. Etorphine is an example of how reliable results were obtained despite low dosage and relatively low specific activity of this drug.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 654 (1992), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1749-6632
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 184 (1959), S. 391-395 
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] IN June 1958 the School of Physics of the University of Sydney received a cabled request from the Academy of Sciences of the U.S.S.R. asking for help ^vith the recording of signals from Sputnik III (195882). As a result of this request, signals from many transits during July and August were ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 179 (1957), S. 91-91 
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] The main reasons for the conflict between the results are the experimental difficulties of separating the charge groups and, especially for H nuclei, the smallness of the numbers found in any one experiment. Also, in all experiments involving high-altitude balloon nights, there is some atmosphere ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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